1 00:00:00,820 --> 00:00:08,049 [Music] 2 00:00:12,290 --> 00:00:09,950 people ask me like what I do for a 3 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:12,300 living I used to say look for aliens but 4 00:00:16,070 --> 00:00:14,610 then they get like et in their head now 5 00:00:17,599 --> 00:00:16,080 I say I look for ways to look for aliens 6 00:00:19,970 --> 00:00:17,609 which is much closer to the truth and 7 00:00:21,710 --> 00:00:19,980 actually what I do is I I these days I 8 00:00:23,810 --> 00:00:21,720 sit at the interface between scientists 9 00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:23,820 like yourselves that try to think of 10 00:00:27,290 --> 00:00:25,080 what measurements we would need to make 11 00:00:29,060 --> 00:00:27,300 to look for life on an exoplanet a 12 00:00:30,259 --> 00:00:29,070 planet around another star and the 13 00:00:32,749 --> 00:00:30,269 engineers that we have at NASA Goddard 14 00:00:34,370 --> 00:00:32,759 that build giant space telescopes and so 15 00:00:35,750 --> 00:00:34,380 most of my talk today is going to be 16 00:00:37,700 --> 00:00:35,760 talking about the science that that 17 00:00:39,010 --> 00:00:37,710 telescope this particular one lulara 18 00:00:42,139 --> 00:00:39,020 could do and by the way that stands for 19 00:00:44,299 --> 00:00:42,149 large ultraviolet optical infrared 20 00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:44,309 telescope it will change its name again 21 00:00:47,690 --> 00:00:46,020 like at least once or twice if it 22 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:47,700 actually happens but that's kind of like 23 00:00:51,410 --> 00:00:49,890 the standard name we do the boring names 24 00:00:53,060 --> 00:00:51,420 first and we named it after someone like 25 00:00:54,590 --> 00:00:53,070 when it gets closer to launch so who 26 00:00:59,180 --> 00:00:54,600 knows who that'll be named after we'll 27 00:01:00,229 --> 00:00:59,190 find out hopefully one day so I'm gonna 28 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:00,239 start with a science and then I'll get 29 00:01:03,889 --> 00:01:01,410 to the telescope that's gonna make the 30 00:01:05,719 --> 00:01:03,899 science happen and I'd like to call of 31 00:01:07,789 --> 00:01:05,729 our the astrobiology telescope that's 32 00:01:10,010 --> 00:01:07,799 not an official thing that's just my 33 00:01:11,630 --> 00:01:10,020 thing and the reason is and there's a 34 00:01:13,190 --> 00:01:11,640 broader set of questions that 35 00:01:14,870 --> 00:01:13,200 astrobiologists look at like with 36 00:01:16,370 --> 00:01:14,880 regards to prebiotic chemistry and the 37 00:01:18,710 --> 00:01:16,380 origins of life as we're hearing about 38 00:01:20,570 --> 00:01:18,720 today but there's three critical 39 00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:20,580 questions to astrobiology that leVoir is 40 00:01:24,109 --> 00:01:21,960 going to address it's gonna address 41 00:01:25,929 --> 00:01:24,119 where did life come from what is the 42 00:01:27,770 --> 00:01:25,939 diversity of worlds especially the 43 00:01:29,149 --> 00:01:27,780 diversity of worlds beyond our solar 44 00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:29,159 system and how can that put our solar 45 00:01:32,899 --> 00:01:31,350 system into context and is there life 46 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:32,909 beyond Earth so I'm just gonna go 47 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:33,810 through these one by one 48 00:01:37,609 --> 00:01:36,090 and kind of outline the types of science 49 00:01:40,100 --> 00:01:37,619 we can do at the Space Telescope that 50 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:40,110 address these questions so first where 51 00:01:42,859 --> 00:01:41,610 did life come from you know obviously 52 00:01:44,870 --> 00:01:42,869 we're not going to be doing chemistry in 53 00:01:46,910 --> 00:01:44,880 the lab however as Jill tarter would 54 00:01:49,370 --> 00:01:46,920 have told us that we're basically the 55 00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:49,380 the logical extension of hydrogen and 56 00:01:54,319 --> 00:01:51,210 helium evolving for so long that it 57 00:01:57,170 --> 00:01:54,329 begins to ask where it came from or as 58 00:01:58,670 --> 00:01:57,180 Carl Sagan said it before if you want to 59 00:02:00,410 --> 00:01:58,680 make an apple pie from scratch first you 60 00:02:01,580 --> 00:02:00,420 have to invent the universe and you have 61 00:02:04,069 --> 00:02:01,590 to admit and all the things that go into 62 00:02:05,330 --> 00:02:04,079 that apple pie and what levar or a Space 63 00:02:07,039 --> 00:02:05,340 Telescope can do here is it can actually 64 00:02:08,359 --> 00:02:07,049 start to probe the processes that led to 65 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:08,369 the formation of elements that 66 00:02:12,589 --> 00:02:10,170 eventually get incorporated into the 67 00:02:13,230 --> 00:02:12,599 planets like Earth that that living 68 00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:13,240 things can 69 00:02:18,510 --> 00:02:15,850 exist on sohere's Andromeda one of our 70 00:02:20,550 --> 00:02:18,520 nearby galaxies Hubble has been able to 71 00:02:22,650 --> 00:02:20,560 resolve individual stars in Andromeda 72 00:02:24,630 --> 00:02:22,660 and it's been able to do that throughout 73 00:02:26,130 --> 00:02:24,640 the main sequence of stars which helps 74 00:02:29,610 --> 00:02:26,140 us understand the main sequence 75 00:02:31,470 --> 00:02:29,620 evolution of stars now what a telescope 76 00:02:33,690 --> 00:02:31,480 a larger telescope so Hubble can do that 77 00:02:34,890 --> 00:02:33,700 for very very close galaxies and the way 78 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:34,900 to think about it is the bigger your 79 00:02:38,940 --> 00:02:36,850 telescope the greater your angular 80 00:02:40,290 --> 00:02:38,950 resolution you can see sort of closer 81 00:02:41,940 --> 00:02:40,300 thing things that are closer to each 82 00:02:44,100 --> 00:02:41,950 other you can separate out in your in 83 00:02:46,260 --> 00:02:44,110 your optical array so Hubble can see 84 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:46,270 individual stars in our in our nearest 85 00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:48,250 part of our galactic neighborhood that 86 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:50,620 get Newton most nearby galaxies Liu foir 87 00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:53,290 would extend that out for multiple mega 88 00:02:57,120 --> 00:02:55,300 parsecs and and that's important for a 89 00:02:59,820 --> 00:02:57,130 number of reasons one is it gets us just 90 00:03:02,160 --> 00:02:59,830 a larger sample set of galaxies to do 91 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:02,170 this individual start probing on but the 92 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:03,610 second is as that sample size goes up 93 00:03:07,770 --> 00:03:05,770 the diversity of galaxies goes up and in 94 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:07,780 any physical system having being able to 95 00:03:11,040 --> 00:03:09,850 probe a wider diversity of targets is 96 00:03:12,870 --> 00:03:11,050 always going to be a good thing and 97 00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:12,880 that's that's a topic I'll come back to 98 00:03:15,990 --> 00:03:14,650 again and again is a sort of a diversity 99 00:03:17,910 --> 00:03:16,000 of targets that we want to be able to 100 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:17,920 look at as astronomers when we're 101 00:03:21,690 --> 00:03:20,290 thinking about any physical process in 102 00:03:23,880 --> 00:03:21,700 particular what we're interested in is 103 00:03:25,770 --> 00:03:23,890 being able to not just get at GWAR dwarf 104 00:03:28,830 --> 00:03:25,780 and large spiral galaxies but also large 105 00:03:31,260 --> 00:03:28,840 elliptical galaxies another way to 106 00:03:32,790 --> 00:03:31,270 demonstrate this is this is a mother way 107 00:03:34,230 --> 00:03:32,800 for the non astronomers like Z equals 108 00:03:35,940 --> 00:03:34,240 two if you ever see these C numbers it 109 00:03:38,100 --> 00:03:35,950 just means how redshifted it is and the 110 00:03:40,500 --> 00:03:38,110 larger that Z number is the further away 111 00:03:42,660 --> 00:03:40,510 the galaxies would be so this would be 112 00:03:44,970 --> 00:03:42,670 like a low mass galaxy at a Z equals two 113 00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:44,980 redshift with Hubble okay so to show you 114 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:46,870 what Lavar would do for a similar galaxy 115 00:03:53,430 --> 00:03:51,490 so this is pretty far away this is what 116 00:03:55,590 --> 00:03:53,440 the bar would see so not only are you 117 00:03:57,720 --> 00:03:55,600 blowing this up on the screen and making 118 00:03:59,550 --> 00:03:57,730 you know a bigger target to look at 119 00:04:00,750 --> 00:03:59,560 you're getting more spatial resolution 120 00:04:02,130 --> 00:04:00,760 like the other nickname for this 121 00:04:03,690 --> 00:04:02,140 telescope before the Louvre our study 122 00:04:05,700 --> 00:04:03,700 had happened was called the High 123 00:04:07,830 --> 00:04:05,710 Definition space telescope because the 124 00:04:09,780 --> 00:04:07,840 difference in pixels that we have 125 00:04:11,610 --> 00:04:09,790 between Hubble and moonflower is 126 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:11,620 comparable to the difference between a 127 00:04:16,170 --> 00:04:12,930 high-definition and standard-definition 128 00:04:17,070 --> 00:04:16,180 television and this isn't just about the 129 00:04:19,140 --> 00:04:17,080 pretty pictures although these are 130 00:04:20,970 --> 00:04:19,150 pretty awesome it's also about probing 131 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:20,980 the physical and chemical processes 132 00:04:24,840 --> 00:04:22,530 happening in these stellar environments 133 00:04:25,420 --> 00:04:24,850 and this is where the ultraviolet the 134 00:04:28,780 --> 00:04:25,430 move 135 00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:28,790 in lieu for comes in because if you can 136 00:04:33,010 --> 00:04:30,830 probe these stars into the ultraviolet 137 00:04:34,029 --> 00:04:33,020 or probe stars into the ultraviolet you 138 00:04:36,730 --> 00:04:34,039 can actually start to look at their 139 00:04:38,950 --> 00:04:36,740 elemental compositions and you can do 140 00:04:41,770 --> 00:04:38,960 everything from oxygen to magnesium all 141 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:41,780 the way down through carbon and sulfur 142 00:04:46,510 --> 00:04:44,810 and iron down here and and now that's 143 00:04:48,189 --> 00:04:46,520 starting to get at the processes that 144 00:04:49,510 --> 00:04:48,199 make the elements that we are made of 145 00:04:51,279 --> 00:04:49,520 that Earth is made of and that other 146 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:51,289 planets are made of and being able again 147 00:04:55,840 --> 00:04:53,570 to do this for a diversity of stellar 148 00:04:57,700 --> 00:04:55,850 targets in diverse diversity of galactic 149 00:05:00,520 --> 00:04:57,710 environments right we we talked today a 150 00:05:02,439 --> 00:05:00,530 lot a lot about how the environment of a 151 00:05:04,060 --> 00:05:02,449 chemical system is important right well 152 00:05:06,250 --> 00:05:04,070 that the same thing is true for stars 153 00:05:09,310 --> 00:05:06,260 but for starters the the environment is 154 00:05:10,779 --> 00:05:09,320 something on the galactic scale and that 155 00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:10,789 also becomes important when you think 156 00:05:15,540 --> 00:05:12,830 about cycling of matter between and 157 00:05:19,150 --> 00:05:15,550 amongst a galaxy one thing that's that's 158 00:05:20,740 --> 00:05:19,160 kind of well at least to me I shouldn't 159 00:05:23,080 --> 00:05:20,750 say it's at the forefront it's a it's at 160 00:05:24,490 --> 00:05:23,090 my forefront of knowledge because I 161 00:05:26,830 --> 00:05:24,500 didn't know any of the stuff I've talked 162 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:26,840 about up through now before the Louvre 163 00:05:30,430 --> 00:05:28,250 our studies started because I'm an 164 00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:30,440 exoplanet scientist but one thing I've 165 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:32,330 learned is that we now understand that 166 00:05:36,430 --> 00:05:34,370 matter actually can cycle beyond a 167 00:05:38,379 --> 00:05:36,440 galaxy and then flow back into it and 168 00:05:41,379 --> 00:05:38,389 it's actually that cycling that helps 169 00:05:42,670 --> 00:05:41,389 feed future star formation the analogy 170 00:05:44,219 --> 00:05:42,680 for me as an earth scientist is it's a 171 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:44,229 little bit like plate tectonics 172 00:05:48,700 --> 00:05:46,490 overturning nutrients and refreshing 173 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:48,710 your trains to to a biosphere you need 174 00:05:53,260 --> 00:05:50,930 the capability for elements to be able 175 00:05:55,899 --> 00:05:53,270 to be cycled past a galaxy and flow back 176 00:05:57,399 --> 00:05:55,909 into it now the way you probe that as 177 00:06:00,100 --> 00:05:57,409 you'll actually look for background 178 00:06:02,710 --> 00:06:00,110 high-energy stars that puncture the 179 00:06:03,909 --> 00:06:02,720 galaxy and lets you because they're kind 180 00:06:06,070 --> 00:06:03,919 of like beacons shining through the 181 00:06:08,529 --> 00:06:06,080 galaxy you use them as a background 182 00:06:10,839 --> 00:06:08,539 light source and then and then with that 183 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:10,849 background light source you can assess 184 00:06:14,469 --> 00:06:12,650 the composition of the galaxy in various 185 00:06:17,500 --> 00:06:14,479 points and get it how much mass is there 186 00:06:19,689 --> 00:06:17,510 and also what it's made of now as you go 187 00:06:21,399 --> 00:06:19,699 to larger and larger telescopes you can 188 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:21,409 see fainter and fainter background 189 00:06:24,820 --> 00:06:23,360 beacons and that means you get more and 190 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:24,830 more background beacons and that means 191 00:06:29,710 --> 00:06:28,130 that if there's some non consistent 192 00:06:31,930 --> 00:06:29,720 shape to a galaxy and that extra 193 00:06:33,430 --> 00:06:31,940 galactic flow like we think there might 194 00:06:35,529 --> 00:06:33,440 be this is sort of an artist's rendering 195 00:06:36,459 --> 00:06:35,539 if you just have two points you can't 196 00:06:38,500 --> 00:06:36,469 really say much about this 197 00:06:39,190 --> 00:06:38,510 two-dimensional structure here but if 198 00:06:40,840 --> 00:06:39,200 you've got an 199 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:40,850 points which is what a larger aperture 200 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:42,530 telescope will allow because it's seeing 201 00:06:46,630 --> 00:06:44,570 the fainter stuff then you can probe 202 00:06:48,100 --> 00:06:46,640 more things so this is sort of the the 203 00:06:49,570 --> 00:06:48,110 second thing you gain when you go to 204 00:06:51,310 --> 00:06:49,580 larger telescopes right you get better 205 00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:51,320 angular resolution better spatial 206 00:06:56,020 --> 00:06:54,290 resolution but you also can see fainter 207 00:06:58,300 --> 00:06:56,030 targets that are either further away or 208 00:07:02,200 --> 00:06:58,310 in this case more faint targets within a 209 00:07:03,790 --> 00:07:02,210 particular field okay and then it's not 210 00:07:05,530 --> 00:07:03,800 just about the stars forming and what 211 00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:05,540 what how elements are cycled within the 212 00:07:11,650 --> 00:07:09,440 stars begin okay it's also about how 213 00:07:13,510 --> 00:07:11,660 that matter gets incorporated eventually 214 00:07:14,770 --> 00:07:13,520 into planets themselves and this is 215 00:07:15,940 --> 00:07:14,780 another thing though far we'll be doing 216 00:07:18,570 --> 00:07:15,950 it's going to be looking at the debris 217 00:07:20,260 --> 00:07:18,580 disks around stars especially younger 218 00:07:21,940 --> 00:07:20,270 for this science case at least 219 00:07:23,500 --> 00:07:21,950 especially younger planetary systems 220 00:07:26,140 --> 00:07:23,510 where there's still a lot of gas and 221 00:07:27,310 --> 00:07:26,150 dust in the system one one way I like 222 00:07:30,340 --> 00:07:27,320 looking at this is this is the beta 223 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:30,350 Pictoris to disk which is really famous 224 00:07:34,450 --> 00:07:32,810 because it's got this cool structure and 225 00:07:36,700 --> 00:07:34,460 then and what we did was first we saw 226 00:07:38,740 --> 00:07:36,710 the the disk which extends really far 227 00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:38,750 out into this this planetary system and 228 00:07:42,490 --> 00:07:40,910 then we saw a planet here at two 229 00:07:45,850 --> 00:07:42,500 different parts of its orbit with 230 00:07:47,290 --> 00:07:45,860 another observation this zoom in is what 231 00:07:49,030 --> 00:07:47,300 levar will be able to do it'll be able 232 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:49,040 to go further into the interior of this 233 00:07:52,750 --> 00:07:50,930 system and do two things one look for 234 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:52,760 planets and in here closer to the star 235 00:07:57,010 --> 00:07:55,010 but second look at the dust and gas 236 00:07:58,960 --> 00:07:57,020 closer to the star as well and so we'll 237 00:08:01,870 --> 00:07:58,970 be able to track not just what this big 238 00:08:03,250 --> 00:08:01,880 picture disk looks like but also what 239 00:08:05,140 --> 00:08:03,260 this stuff closer to the star looks like 240 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:05,150 where habitable planets are forming so 241 00:08:09,670 --> 00:08:07,130 we'd be able to we know a lot now today 242 00:08:12,550 --> 00:08:09,680 as astronomers about how planets form 243 00:08:14,140 --> 00:08:12,560 especially further out from the star but 244 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:14,150 if you want to know what's happening 245 00:08:17,740 --> 00:08:15,650 close to the star where habitable 246 00:08:19,780 --> 00:08:17,750 planets form you actually need to get a 247 00:08:21,190 --> 00:08:19,790 different kind of telescope that can see 248 00:08:24,130 --> 00:08:21,200 closer to the star and that's one of the 249 00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:24,140 things levar what enable and and we're 250 00:08:28,540 --> 00:08:26,870 gonna do stuff like this close in our 251 00:08:32,380 --> 00:08:28,550 own solar system as well closer to home 252 00:08:34,089 --> 00:08:32,390 so this is a giant scatter plot of all 253 00:08:35,890 --> 00:08:34,099 the solar systems small bodies that 254 00:08:38,350 --> 00:08:35,900 levar will also be able to probe for its 255 00:08:39,490 --> 00:08:38,360 chemical composition yeah and I didn't 256 00:08:41,020 --> 00:08:39,500 mention this we're also going to be 257 00:08:42,550 --> 00:08:41,030 doing chemical analyses of these so 258 00:08:43,870 --> 00:08:42,560 almost every target we look at there's 259 00:08:45,940 --> 00:08:43,880 going to be a spectrometer on board 260 00:08:48,610 --> 00:08:45,950 that's gonna look at the the composition 261 00:08:50,860 --> 00:08:48,620 of all our targets whether it's stars or 262 00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:50,870 the debris disks and in this case small 263 00:08:52,690 --> 00:08:52,250 bodies in our solar system so here's 264 00:08:55,450 --> 00:08:52,700 Pluto 265 00:08:57,340 --> 00:08:55,460 we'd actually be able to characterize 266 00:08:58,960 --> 00:08:57,350 its atmosphere I'm going to show a 267 00:09:00,970 --> 00:08:58,970 picture of how impressive our Pluto 268 00:09:03,940 --> 00:09:00,980 observations would be in in a moment for 269 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:03,950 smaller bodies like Sedna we also be 270 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:05,210 able to look at their their sort of 271 00:09:08,620 --> 00:09:06,770 temporal and spatial variability and 272 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:08,630 take multiple snapshots of the thing as 273 00:09:12,460 --> 00:09:10,970 it rotates or goes through seasons and 274 00:09:13,660 --> 00:09:12,470 then for really small stuff we could 275 00:09:15,430 --> 00:09:13,670 search at least for the objects 276 00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:15,440 themselves even if we can't sort of 277 00:09:21,610 --> 00:09:18,130 probe their their chemical composition 278 00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:21,620 so this is Pluto with Hubble this is 279 00:09:25,150 --> 00:09:23,030 what Pluto would look like with a 15 280 00:09:26,980 --> 00:09:25,160 meter loop are you don't get the cute 281 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:26,990 heart that we got with a flyby mission 282 00:09:31,180 --> 00:09:28,250 right you can't quite make out that 283 00:09:32,860 --> 00:09:31,190 level of spatial detail but what you can 284 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:32,870 do is you can tell that something is 285 00:09:35,950 --> 00:09:34,490 going on here right I mean part of the 286 00:09:37,450 --> 00:09:35,960 thing that was amazing about the New 287 00:09:39,790 --> 00:09:37,460 Horizons spacecraft when it when it 288 00:09:42,550 --> 00:09:39,800 passed by Pluto is I actually remember I 289 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:42,560 got a I got a letter like three months 290 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:44,690 before the flyby or maybe is a lot maybe 291 00:09:48,070 --> 00:09:46,490 six months before the life live from a 292 00:09:50,020 --> 00:09:48,080 great school kid who said like do you 293 00:09:51,940 --> 00:09:50,030 think there could be life on Pluto I'm 294 00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:51,950 like you know skeptical we're trying to 295 00:09:56,590 --> 00:09:53,480 be skeptical scientists right so I was 296 00:09:58,690 --> 00:09:56,600 like no Pluto's like a dumb boring ball 297 00:10:01,030 --> 00:09:58,700 of like rock and ice and it's dead and 298 00:10:02,290 --> 00:10:01,040 nothing's happening there and then I 299 00:10:03,700 --> 00:10:02,300 stopped because it was a grade schooler 300 00:10:06,130 --> 00:10:03,710 that I was kind of light and I was like 301 00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:06,140 okay let's let's try to be a little more 302 00:10:08,680 --> 00:10:07,640 optimistic and I and I thought about it 303 00:10:10,420 --> 00:10:08,690 for a while and I was like what's the 304 00:10:13,090 --> 00:10:10,430 optimist optimistic take care and I was 305 00:10:15,010 --> 00:10:13,100 like well we've seen a lot of water 306 00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:15,020 activity on places we never expected it 307 00:10:19,750 --> 00:10:17,240 before we actually haven't seen Pluto in 308 00:10:21,550 --> 00:10:19,760 detail before maybe there is some 309 00:10:23,650 --> 00:10:21,560 geological or subsurface kind of 310 00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:23,660 activity on Pluto and if there is then 311 00:10:27,820 --> 00:10:25,400 you know maybe there's a chance for life 312 00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:27,830 and the way we'll know as scientists is 313 00:10:31,210 --> 00:10:29,630 we'll do a test and it just so happens 314 00:10:32,260 --> 00:10:31,220 that in a few months from now we're 315 00:10:34,330 --> 00:10:32,270 going to have a test when this 316 00:10:36,670 --> 00:10:34,340 spacecraft flies by Pluto and sure 317 00:10:38,260 --> 00:10:36,680 enough like we flew by and Pluto is 318 00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:38,270 definitely geologically active there's 319 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:40,040 like flows and like these huge flat 320 00:10:44,950 --> 00:10:42,410 areas that are some sort of like lake 321 00:10:45,660 --> 00:10:44,960 bed and like first of all the kid was 322 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:45,670 right 323 00:10:49,150 --> 00:10:47,810 second of all like I mean I don't know 324 00:10:50,410 --> 00:10:49,160 if there's life on Pluto but like the 325 00:10:52,690 --> 00:10:50,420 kid was right that like I shouldn't have 326 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:52,700 just dismissed it right away but this is 327 00:10:56,560 --> 00:10:53,810 the kind of thing you can do when you 328 00:10:58,300 --> 00:10:56,570 get imagery of targets you know and 329 00:11:00,400 --> 00:10:58,310 we'll be able to get to imagery at least 330 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:00,410 this good for anything closer than Pluto 331 00:11:04,060 --> 00:11:01,850 which is basically the rest of the solar 332 00:11:06,220 --> 00:11:04,070 system so this is the kind of stuff we 333 00:11:08,260 --> 00:11:06,230 can do okay so 334 00:11:09,790 --> 00:11:08,270 this is moving closer to my sort of 335 00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:09,800 scientific wheel household I'm not quite 336 00:11:13,330 --> 00:11:11,600 there yet a second question that 337 00:11:14,980 --> 00:11:13,340 astrobiologists asked that Lavar can 338 00:11:18,190 --> 00:11:14,990 help address is what is the diversity of 339 00:11:19,630 --> 00:11:18,200 worlds and I love this quote the very 340 00:11:20,980 --> 00:11:19,640 nature of Sciences discoveries and the 341 00:11:22,870 --> 00:11:20,990 best of those discoveries are the ones 342 00:11:25,690 --> 00:11:22,880 you don't expect from the other graphs 343 00:11:28,090 --> 00:11:25,700 Tyson and the reason I put this quote up 344 00:11:30,430 --> 00:11:28,100 is because the history of exoplanet 345 00:11:35,970 --> 00:11:30,440 science has basically been a story of 346 00:11:38,140 --> 00:11:35,980 repeated appending of our expectations 347 00:11:40,150 --> 00:11:38,150 here's the world in our solar system 348 00:11:41,770 --> 00:11:40,160 this is and by the way if you ask me in 349 00:11:44,290 --> 00:11:41,780 Pluto's still is a planet I mean look at 350 00:11:46,660 --> 00:11:44,300 this thing how can this not be a planet 351 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:46,670 right someone said like it has to pass 352 00:11:50,470 --> 00:11:48,290 the Captain Kirk test which is like 353 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:50,480 doesn't look like if the enterprise or 354 00:11:53,110 --> 00:11:52,010 whatever came up on the planet would you 355 00:11:54,580 --> 00:11:53,120 say it's a planet and I don't think 356 00:11:57,730 --> 00:11:54,590 anyone would say that this is not a 357 00:12:00,280 --> 00:11:57,740 planet but that's a different talk okay 358 00:12:02,290 --> 00:12:00,290 so these worlds and including the 359 00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:02,300 history in particular of Earth and of 360 00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:05,600 Mars I mean to some degree Venus that's 361 00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:06,920 what a lot of our expectations were 362 00:12:10,150 --> 00:12:08,510 based on that I was saying on the bus on 363 00:12:12,490 --> 00:12:10,160 the way over here we had this image of 364 00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:12,500 peas and carrots being well separated in 365 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:14,300 planetary systems you had small planets 366 00:12:18,580 --> 00:12:16,610 close in and gas giants further away and 367 00:12:19,810 --> 00:12:18,590 the two shall not ever mix right what we 368 00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:19,820 ended up with this is more like some 369 00:12:24,220 --> 00:12:22,610 like toddlers smoothie or babies 370 00:12:25,570 --> 00:12:24,230 smoothie of like mixed vegetables and 371 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:25,580 fruits and ice and everything kind of 372 00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:28,130 yogurt I'll blend it together like you 373 00:12:31,810 --> 00:12:30,500 can get almost any kind of system out if 374 00:12:34,320 --> 00:12:31,820 you have the right starting conditions 375 00:12:37,810 --> 00:12:34,330 at the very first exoplanet we found 376 00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:37,820 Pegasus 51 peg B was a planet we didn't 377 00:12:40,510 --> 00:12:39,020 know as a planet at first because it was 378 00:12:42,220 --> 00:12:40,520 so different from our expectations it 379 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:42,230 was a planet bigger than Jupiter the 380 00:12:46,030 --> 00:12:43,610 closer to the star the mercury is to the 381 00:12:48,670 --> 00:12:46,040 Sun you you literally couldn't make that 382 00:12:51,730 --> 00:12:48,680 planet in our models when when we 383 00:12:53,200 --> 00:12:51,740 discovered it we found the the most 384 00:12:55,090 --> 00:12:53,210 common kind of planet are these things 385 00:12:57,100 --> 00:12:55,100 called super Earths or sub Neptune's and 386 00:12:58,960 --> 00:12:57,110 that are bigger than Earth but smaller 387 00:13:01,000 --> 00:12:58,970 than Neptune we expected there to be 388 00:13:03,160 --> 00:13:01,010 sort of a desert in that part of 389 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:03,170 parameter space and it based on our 390 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:04,970 formation models it ended up being the 391 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:06,650 most common kind of planet out there and 392 00:13:11,350 --> 00:13:09,410 these kinds of discoveries they're not 393 00:13:13,270 --> 00:13:11,360 just like oh it's cool because it like 394 00:13:14,090 --> 00:13:13,280 wasn't what we expected they ended up 395 00:13:15,680 --> 00:13:14,100 influencing 396 00:13:18,290 --> 00:13:15,690 saying the way we think about our home 397 00:13:20,269 --> 00:13:18,300 system right so if you if you ask the 398 00:13:22,970 --> 00:13:20,279 question today how did Mars form and get 399 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:22,980 the size and orbit that it has now well 400 00:13:25,999 --> 00:13:24,569 you get a different answer because our 401 00:13:27,710 --> 00:13:26,009 models are now better because they've 402 00:13:29,660 --> 00:13:27,720 been validated against a greater 403 00:13:31,519 --> 00:13:29,670 diversity of targets right because we 404 00:13:34,009 --> 00:13:31,529 know how to Pater's exist and super has 405 00:13:35,990 --> 00:13:34,019 exist our models had to improve to 406 00:13:37,490 --> 00:13:36,000 recreate those planets and once we did 407 00:13:39,769 --> 00:13:37,500 that we were actually able to better 408 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:39,779 recreate the formation of Mars in its 409 00:13:43,730 --> 00:13:42,120 current state so that's cool right that 410 00:13:46,129 --> 00:13:43,740 means like our understanding of home has 411 00:13:48,879 --> 00:13:46,139 improved by our looking at stuff in the 412 00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:48,889 stars and then my favorite is Kepler 16b 413 00:13:53,449 --> 00:13:51,600 so Kepler 16b is a planet and there's 414 00:13:56,110 --> 00:13:53,459 it's not the only one we found that is 415 00:13:58,790 --> 00:13:56,120 orbiting a binary star so this is like 416 00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:58,800 kind of hard to do this with alright so 417 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:00,000 like you get two stars or like the 418 00:14:03,050 --> 00:14:01,410 center of the system and they're 419 00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:03,060 orbiting each other and then you got 420 00:14:06,259 --> 00:14:05,040 like a planet orbiting the two stars 421 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:06,269 further out and if you were standing on 422 00:14:09,710 --> 00:14:08,370 the surface of that planet you could see 423 00:14:11,629 --> 00:14:09,720 like a double sunset right because the 424 00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:11,639 planets out here and so both the both 425 00:14:16,639 --> 00:14:13,130 the stars are setting at the same time 426 00:14:19,249 --> 00:14:16,649 and that's like really cool but again no 427 00:14:20,870 --> 00:14:19,259 one expected this to happen I was a joke 428 00:14:22,999 --> 00:14:20,880 I'd like to tell is is that you know 429 00:14:23,990 --> 00:14:23,009 some people expected it to happen but 430 00:14:28,939 --> 00:14:24,000 they were looking at a different source 431 00:14:30,769 --> 00:14:28,949 literature because and and you know I'm 432 00:14:32,809 --> 00:14:30,779 joking a bit but like sometimes we have 433 00:14:34,340 --> 00:14:32,819 to allow our imaginations to run wild a 434 00:14:37,370 --> 00:14:34,350 little bit to see what's possible out 435 00:14:39,350 --> 00:14:37,380 there and not be too constrained by by 436 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:39,360 the things we think are permissible just 437 00:14:44,050 --> 00:14:41,370 you know by our finely tuned models that 438 00:14:46,460 --> 00:14:44,060 recreate the reality who we're living in 439 00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:46,470 but all the discoveries we have and by 440 00:14:49,699 --> 00:14:47,910 the way this is now what's called like 441 00:14:51,019 --> 00:14:49,709 the Kepler Ori so this is all the 442 00:14:53,689 --> 00:14:51,029 planets that the Kepler telescope has 443 00:14:56,269 --> 00:14:53,699 found or it actually had found as of I 444 00:14:57,829 --> 00:14:56,279 think 2013 or something like that so 445 00:14:59,749 --> 00:14:57,839 there's thousands of worlds literally 446 00:15:01,910 --> 00:14:59,759 thousands of worlds we found beyond our 447 00:15:04,610 --> 00:15:01,920 solar system the ones Kepler has found 448 00:15:06,769 --> 00:15:04,620 which number in the thousands by the way 449 00:15:07,639 --> 00:15:06,779 it all happens like in a patch of sky 450 00:15:10,309 --> 00:15:07,649 that's like the palm of your hand 451 00:15:12,170 --> 00:15:10,319 outstretched so you know if you've gone 452 00:15:13,999 --> 00:15:12,180 to the night sky even if you're in 453 00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:14,009 Atlanta or like me in DC and you can't 454 00:15:17,090 --> 00:15:15,930 see the stars - well you can do some 455 00:15:18,199 --> 00:15:17,100 astronomy just put your hand up there 456 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:18,209 and know that there's thousands of 457 00:15:22,370 --> 00:15:20,610 planets hiding behind it and or if you 458 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:22,380 can count the stars we now know that on 459 00:15:27,439 --> 00:15:25,290 average there is a planet for every star 460 00:15:29,090 --> 00:15:27,449 on average there is a planet 461 00:15:31,970 --> 00:15:29,100 in the habitable zone in rocky so a 462 00:15:33,829 --> 00:15:31,980 potentially habitable world around 1/4 463 00:15:36,530 --> 00:15:33,839 of one of those planets for every 10 464 00:15:39,439 --> 00:15:36,540 stars so if you if you can even just see 465 00:15:41,989 --> 00:15:39,449 like 10 stars in the Atlanta night sky 466 00:15:43,460 --> 00:15:41,999 you found 10 planets too and you 467 00:15:44,869 --> 00:15:43,470 probably found one planet that has 468 00:15:47,780 --> 00:15:44,879 conditions that could allow for life I 469 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:47,790 couldn't make any of those statements 10 470 00:15:51,139 --> 00:15:49,410 years ago and have any degree of 471 00:15:53,599 --> 00:15:51,149 scientific credibility it was actually a 472 00:15:55,039 --> 00:15:53,609 totally unconstrained problem and now 473 00:15:57,530 --> 00:15:55,049 it's actually quite well constrained we 474 00:15:59,599 --> 00:15:57,540 might argue about the the how abundant 475 00:16:01,909 --> 00:15:59,609 the the potentially habitable worlds are 476 00:16:04,789 --> 00:16:01,919 but the argument isn't between you know 477 00:16:06,289 --> 00:16:04,799 you have to count 10 stars or a thousand 478 00:16:08,150 --> 00:16:06,299 stars the argument is like do you have 479 00:16:09,559 --> 00:16:08,160 to count like 5 stars or you have to 480 00:16:12,349 --> 00:16:09,569 count 10 or you have to couch money 481 00:16:13,549 --> 00:16:12,359 that's you know factor 2 is like the the 482 00:16:15,439 --> 00:16:13,559 range that we're talking about for 483 00:16:16,729 --> 00:16:15,449 uncertainties now not orders of 484 00:16:19,069 --> 00:16:16,739 magnitude which is what it was before 485 00:16:21,499 --> 00:16:19,079 Kepler now the other thing to point out 486 00:16:22,879 --> 00:16:21,509 here is that's all awesome everything I 487 00:16:24,679 --> 00:16:22,889 just talked about is like fascinating 488 00:16:26,419 --> 00:16:24,689 and cool and groundbreaking and and it's 489 00:16:27,829 --> 00:16:26,429 totally changing the way we think about 490 00:16:29,569 --> 00:16:27,839 how planets form and evolve and has 491 00:16:32,629 --> 00:16:29,579 influenced how we think about our home 492 00:16:35,059 --> 00:16:32,639 system but for the most part it's all 493 00:16:36,799 --> 00:16:35,069 about the planets sizes I say they're 494 00:16:38,659 --> 00:16:36,809 Astrophysical properties how big these 495 00:16:40,699 --> 00:16:38,669 planets are in some cases how massive 496 00:16:42,289 --> 00:16:40,709 they are and how what their orbits are 497 00:16:43,999 --> 00:16:42,299 like how far away they are from their 498 00:16:46,549 --> 00:16:44,009 host star and how elliptical those 499 00:16:48,919 --> 00:16:46,559 orbits are for the most part that's all 500 00:16:50,389 --> 00:16:48,929 we know we don't know much about their 501 00:16:52,189 --> 00:16:50,399 chemical composition we certainly don't 502 00:16:55,159 --> 00:16:52,199 know much about whether or not they have 503 00:16:56,779 --> 00:16:55,169 life and because of that are even if we 504 00:16:58,939 --> 00:16:56,789 talk about a habitable world or North 505 00:17:00,859 --> 00:16:58,949 like world all we're really saying is 506 00:17:03,229 --> 00:17:00,869 that we can't rule out the possibility 507 00:17:04,639 --> 00:17:03,239 that it has liquid water oceans and 508 00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:04,649 that's about all we can in even that's a 509 00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:06,240 model result it's not something we've 510 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:08,970 actually measured okay so this is where 511 00:17:12,860 --> 00:17:11,010 louvre art comes in because it's gonna 512 00:17:14,090 --> 00:17:12,870 actually take pictures of these worlds 513 00:17:15,529 --> 00:17:14,100 it's not going to get like spatial 514 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:15,539 resolution like I was showing for Pluto 515 00:17:19,069 --> 00:17:17,610 but it's gonna turn each not the 516 00:17:20,509 --> 00:17:19,079 specific worlds that Kepler found but 517 00:17:22,579 --> 00:17:20,519 it's gonna four planets around other 518 00:17:24,350 --> 00:17:22,589 stars get pictures of them they're each 519 00:17:26,090 --> 00:17:24,360 going to be sort of one point of light 520 00:17:27,139 --> 00:17:26,100 on on the detectors so that the 521 00:17:29,149 --> 00:17:27,149 telescope is just going to see a point 522 00:17:30,860 --> 00:17:29,159 of light for each planet but it's going 523 00:17:32,899 --> 00:17:30,870 to do this for hundreds of worlds and 524 00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:32,909 that hundreds of worlds is going to have 525 00:17:36,860 --> 00:17:35,940 a tremendous diversity to it in a number 526 00:17:38,629 --> 00:17:36,870 of ways we're gonna look at different 527 00:17:39,889 --> 00:17:38,639 size targets from things that are like 528 00:17:41,180 --> 00:17:39,899 Mars sized 529 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:41,190 all the way up to 530 00:17:46,430 --> 00:17:43,650 gas giant Jupiter sighs we're gonna see 531 00:17:47,660 --> 00:17:46,440 planets that are really hot like too 532 00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:47,670 close to the Sun that have life 533 00:17:51,860 --> 00:17:49,890 regardless of their size and really cold 534 00:17:54,110 --> 00:17:51,870 that are way too far away to maintain 535 00:17:55,910 --> 00:17:54,120 life and well at least global life that 536 00:17:57,020 --> 00:17:55,920 we could detect with the telescope no 537 00:17:58,460 --> 00:17:57,030 offense you're opens if I say the 538 00:18:01,010 --> 00:17:58,470 habitable zone I'm not like dissing 539 00:18:03,410 --> 00:18:01,020 you're saying life can't be there 540 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:03,420 because I think you can and we're gonna 541 00:18:06,410 --> 00:18:05,010 look at like planets around a diversity 542 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:06,420 of stellar targets so like we live 543 00:18:09,590 --> 00:18:08,010 around a G star we're gonna look around 544 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:09,600 a and F stars which are much which are 545 00:18:13,100 --> 00:18:11,610 hotter than the Sun and K stars and M 546 00:18:15,650 --> 00:18:13,110 stars which are cooler than the Sun the 547 00:18:17,260 --> 00:18:15,660 M stars are particularly wild like they 548 00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:17,270 have like all this high-energy radiation 549 00:18:20,750 --> 00:18:19,440 they could have tidally locked orbits 550 00:18:23,150 --> 00:18:20,760 where the same side of the planet is 551 00:18:25,370 --> 00:18:23,160 always facing the star and stars are 552 00:18:27,260 --> 00:18:25,380 like they're like a modelers paradise 553 00:18:28,730 --> 00:18:27,270 right now because like all these 554 00:18:31,220 --> 00:18:28,740 different things change when you grow 555 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:31,230 around these m stars just enough to like 556 00:18:34,850 --> 00:18:32,730 can get you funding to do modelling 557 00:18:36,260 --> 00:18:34,860 research and they're the first things 558 00:18:38,270 --> 00:18:36,270 we're gonna be able to probe not with 559 00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:38,280 levar but with ground-based telescopes 560 00:18:42,050 --> 00:18:40,380 in the next decade and pretty soon the 561 00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:42,060 James Webb Space Telescope as well I'm 562 00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:42,960 not going to talk about that too much 563 00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:44,310 tonight but if you hear about them stars 564 00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:46,110 that's why they're like really in vogue 565 00:18:50,270 --> 00:18:48,810 right now okay but we're also gonna look 566 00:18:52,220 --> 00:18:50,280 at not just the ends but the KS and the 567 00:18:54,140 --> 00:18:52,230 G's and a is and F's too which is 568 00:18:57,440 --> 00:18:54,150 awesome because diversity is good when 569 00:18:58,700 --> 00:18:57,450 we're looking at physical systems okay 570 00:19:00,140 --> 00:18:58,710 not we're not just gonna see these 571 00:19:01,190 --> 00:19:00,150 things and this is this is something 572 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:01,200 actually the James Webb Space Telescope 573 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:03,930 and extremely large telescopes on the 574 00:19:06,830 --> 00:19:04,770 ground are going to start to 575 00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:06,840 revolutionize you might have heard of a 576 00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:08,820 European mission that was just selected 577 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:11,280 a week or two ago called re L it also is 578 00:19:14,300 --> 00:19:12,450 going to be doing this sort of thing the 579 00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:14,310 the pivot point is we're going to move 580 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:15,570 beyond just Astrophysical 581 00:19:20,180 --> 00:19:17,610 characterization and start to move into 582 00:19:21,380 --> 00:19:20,190 chemical characterization so if you want 583 00:19:23,930 --> 00:19:21,390 to look at a chemical system in the 584 00:19:25,370 --> 00:19:23,940 solar system ideally you'd like have 585 00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:25,380 something like a mass spectrometer that 586 00:19:29,390 --> 00:19:27,870 can I count the you know mass units that 587 00:19:30,740 --> 00:19:29,400 you have from a particular molecule or 588 00:19:32,510 --> 00:19:30,750 something like that you take a lab to 589 00:19:34,370 --> 00:19:32,520 the field when you can and if you can't 590 00:19:35,330 --> 00:19:34,380 you bring your samples back that's even 591 00:19:37,250 --> 00:19:35,340 better because then you have all your 592 00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:37,260 your lab equipment you know coming to 593 00:19:41,120 --> 00:19:39,720 the floor for all these exoplanets we're 594 00:19:42,110 --> 00:19:41,130 not going to be able to do that we're 595 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:42,120 not going to be able to bring samples 596 00:19:46,190 --> 00:19:44,490 back we're not at least I'm not counting 597 00:19:47,780 --> 00:19:46,200 on us being able to land stuff and in 598 00:19:50,450 --> 00:19:47,790 these planets and like do chemical 599 00:19:53,030 --> 00:19:50,460 analyses in situ so all our chemical 600 00:19:54,420 --> 00:19:53,040 analyses have to be remote the way we do 601 00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:54,430 that is we take spectrum 602 00:19:57,540 --> 00:19:55,930 so this is just if I'm going to show a 603 00:19:59,160 --> 00:19:57,550 lot of spectra the rest of this this 604 00:20:00,960 --> 00:19:59,170 talk that's given like my main plotting 605 00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:00,970 device here and they're all just 606 00:20:04,740 --> 00:20:02,650 basically how many photons or how much 607 00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:04,750 energy you get from the star as a 608 00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:07,120 function of wavelength and for leVoir 609 00:20:12,210 --> 00:20:09,430 because it's the large UV optical 610 00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:12,220 infrared telescope this all these plots 611 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:14,050 are gonna or that they should mostly if 612 00:20:17,610 --> 00:20:15,970 not all run from the ultraviolet through 613 00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:17,620 the near-infrared so there's visible 614 00:20:20,610 --> 00:20:18,790 wavelengths that we can see with our 615 00:20:22,380 --> 00:20:20,620 eyes but also ultraviolet that are bluer 616 00:20:24,330 --> 00:20:22,390 than what we can see and then the 617 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:24,340 infrared stuff which is redder that we 618 00:20:27,750 --> 00:20:26,530 can see now this is powerful for a 619 00:20:29,460 --> 00:20:27,760 number of reasons but probably the most 620 00:20:31,980 --> 00:20:29,470 important of which is certain molecules 621 00:20:34,380 --> 00:20:31,990 absorb absorb certain wavelengths of 622 00:20:36,420 --> 00:20:34,390 light and because of that if we see dips 623 00:20:38,460 --> 00:20:36,430 in a spectrum we know that there's that 624 00:20:40,050 --> 00:20:38,470 molecule in that atmosphere absorbing 625 00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:40,060 those wavelengths of light so we can see 626 00:20:45,630 --> 00:20:43,360 if there's co or co2 or ch4 627 00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:45,640 I like the carbon species you can tell 628 00:20:48,690 --> 00:20:47,170 you can see if there's water in a 629 00:20:50,790 --> 00:20:48,700 planetary atmosphere with this with this 630 00:20:52,740 --> 00:20:50,800 technique and see if and that's both 631 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:52,750 important for the habitable and the non 632 00:20:56,460 --> 00:20:55,090 habitable worlds and when you put that 633 00:20:58,230 --> 00:20:56,470 stuff together you can start to get a 634 00:21:00,630 --> 00:20:58,240 bigger picture questions than just what 635 00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:00,640 are the planets made of for example 636 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:03,490 we've got this theory of sort of we're 637 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:04,570 starting to build what's called like a 638 00:21:08,790 --> 00:21:06,610 family portrait of exoplanets with like 639 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:08,800 different classes of planet and one of 640 00:21:13,140 --> 00:21:10,330 the things that we think happens is as 641 00:21:15,780 --> 00:21:13,150 you get to larger mass the composition 642 00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:15,790 shifts so this is metallicity as an 643 00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:17,500 astronomer would define it so this is 644 00:21:21,330 --> 00:21:19,480 like the stuff heavier than hydrogen and 645 00:21:23,340 --> 00:21:21,340 helium with regards to the host star 646 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:23,350 like so how enriched is this in carbon 647 00:21:27,300 --> 00:21:25,570 and oxygen and everything else that's on 648 00:21:27,630 --> 00:21:27,310 the second row or below on the periodic 649 00:21:29,850 --> 00:21:27,640 table 650 00:21:31,950 --> 00:21:29,860 how enriched is the planet compared to 651 00:21:33,330 --> 00:21:31,960 the star as a function of planet mass 652 00:21:36,060 --> 00:21:33,340 and there's this theory out there that 653 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:36,070 looks at these sort of like really these 654 00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:37,690 data points with really big error bars 655 00:21:41,220 --> 00:21:39,520 that's saying that there's a trend here 656 00:21:44,670 --> 00:21:41,230 now I don't know if you believe that 657 00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:44,680 trend or not I can squint and see it but 658 00:21:47,670 --> 00:21:45,850 what would be better is if we can make 659 00:21:49,770 --> 00:21:47,680 more measurements which Lavar will do 660 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:49,780 and if we could have a smaller error 661 00:21:53,910 --> 00:21:52,210 Parrs which blue bar will get for us so 662 00:21:55,380 --> 00:21:53,920 if we were able to make measurements for 663 00:21:57,210 --> 00:21:55,390 a number of data points with this 664 00:21:59,070 --> 00:21:57,220 tighter error bar we would be able to 665 00:22:01,380 --> 00:21:59,080 actually see if this was you know some 666 00:22:02,670 --> 00:22:01,390 byproduct of squinting and drawing a 667 00:22:04,620 --> 00:22:02,680 line through through points with large 668 00:22:05,940 --> 00:22:04,630 error bars or whether or not it was 669 00:22:06,350 --> 00:22:05,950 something that was really happening in 670 00:22:07,970 --> 00:22:06,360 the unit 671 00:22:10,250 --> 00:22:07,980 and by the way there are a few small 672 00:22:11,899 --> 00:22:10,260 error bars on here those are the planets 673 00:22:15,740 --> 00:22:11,909 in our solar system that's why the harem 674 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:15,750 parts are tight and we will tie it back 675 00:22:18,740 --> 00:22:17,490 to the solar system as well I love this 676 00:22:20,450 --> 00:22:18,750 image so this is from the Juno 677 00:22:25,310 --> 00:22:20,460 spacecraft which is around Jupiter right 678 00:22:27,889 --> 00:22:25,320 now this is a picture both of Jupiter 679 00:22:30,230 --> 00:22:27,899 from Juno and sort of not institute but 680 00:22:31,789 --> 00:22:30,240 in orbit around Jupiter it's also the 681 00:22:33,950 --> 00:22:31,799 same pixel resolution that leVoir would 682 00:22:35,690 --> 00:22:33,960 get from Jupiter so we wouldn't get 683 00:22:37,279 --> 00:22:35,700 exactly this sort of angle on the poles 684 00:22:38,899 --> 00:22:37,289 that you know is getting for us which is 685 00:22:40,490 --> 00:22:38,909 one of the reasons Juno's there but we 686 00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:40,500 could get this these kind of beautiful 687 00:22:44,509 --> 00:22:43,110 images of Jupiter basically anytime we 688 00:22:46,580 --> 00:22:44,519 want whenever it's like in our field of 689 00:22:48,409 --> 00:22:46,590 view which is cool because it makes 690 00:22:50,299 --> 00:22:48,419 awesome pictures that we can share with 691 00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:50,309 the public but it's also important 692 00:22:53,690 --> 00:22:51,870 because we'll be able to probe dynamical 693 00:22:56,029 --> 00:22:53,700 process using Jupiter's atmosphere and 694 00:22:57,529 --> 00:22:56,039 and not just over the course of like you 695 00:22:59,480 --> 00:22:57,539 know weeks or a year or two like our 696 00:23:01,279 --> 00:22:59,490 spacecraft normally last for when when 697 00:23:03,500 --> 00:23:01,289 they're at Jupiter but maybe over 698 00:23:04,970 --> 00:23:03,510 multiple years and if flew before lasts 699 00:23:06,620 --> 00:23:04,980 long enough has Hubble has maybe over 700 00:23:10,370 --> 00:23:06,630 decades and seasons which would be 701 00:23:11,779 --> 00:23:10,380 really neat okay so this is this is now 702 00:23:13,549 --> 00:23:11,789 getting close to my wheelhouse is there 703 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:13,559 life beyond Earth how long have I been 704 00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:17,330 up here I'm gonna get the time check 705 00:23:22,879 --> 00:23:21,210 okay great so is there life beyond Earth 706 00:23:24,590 --> 00:23:22,889 this is the question that is most 707 00:23:25,970 --> 00:23:24,600 classically astrobiology but I would 708 00:23:27,379 --> 00:23:25,980 argue all the stuff we heard this 709 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:27,389 morning in this afternoon and all the 710 00:23:33,740 --> 00:23:29,490 stuff I've talked about so far is also 711 00:23:34,039 --> 00:23:33,750 astrobiology so here's our life beyond 712 00:23:36,289 --> 00:23:34,049 Earth 713 00:23:37,549 --> 00:23:36,299 what's the bargain of you there actually 714 00:23:39,740 --> 00:23:37,559 this is the main thing leVoir was 715 00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:39,750 designed to to address at least it's the 716 00:23:43,009 --> 00:23:41,370 the toughest technical problem the 717 00:23:46,250 --> 00:23:43,019 engineers are dealing with I'll get to 718 00:23:47,629 --> 00:23:46,260 that at the end I love this quote so if 719 00:23:49,639 --> 00:23:47,639 people don't know who Nancy Grace Roman 720 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:49,649 is she was kind of like one of the 721 00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:51,090 pioneers that actually made Hubble a 722 00:23:55,220 --> 00:23:53,850 thing and she's just in especially in 723 00:23:57,919 --> 00:23:55,230 engineering and in space astronomy 724 00:23:59,690 --> 00:23:57,929 circles she's like just universally 725 00:24:01,759 --> 00:23:59,700 regarded with just tremendous esteem and 726 00:24:03,529 --> 00:24:01,769 I love this because I think this is so 727 00:24:05,060 --> 00:24:03,539 true for the field of astrobiology and I 728 00:24:07,009 --> 00:24:05,070 think it's true for basically everything 729 00:24:08,570 --> 00:24:07,019 I'm about to talk about which in our 730 00:24:11,029 --> 00:24:08,580 lifetime is going to move from the realm 731 00:24:13,730 --> 00:24:11,039 of modelers like myself to observational 732 00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:13,740 astronomy or observational astronomer 733 00:24:17,510 --> 00:24:15,600 z-- I like to tell students that the 734 00:24:19,250 --> 00:24:17,520 jobs I took after my PhD were not in 735 00:24:19,730 --> 00:24:19,260 existence only a few years before and 736 00:24:22,010 --> 00:24:19,740 for the kids 737 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:22,020 here you could do your PhD on the data 738 00:24:25,250 --> 00:24:23,490 we're talking about and get a job that 739 00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:25,260 doesn't exist today when you finish 740 00:24:31,130 --> 00:24:29,730 school that's pretty cool okay so what 741 00:24:32,180 --> 00:24:31,140 lavars gonna do here is it's going to do 742 00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:32,190 two things one it's going to use that 743 00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:34,410 chemical composition to look for signs 744 00:24:39,169 --> 00:24:37,110 of life but it's also going to do that 745 00:24:41,210 --> 00:24:39,179 in a survey sense you know we could 746 00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:41,220 there's there's ideas out there and I'll 747 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:42,950 talk about this briefly at the end for 748 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:46,050 telescopes that would assess the 749 00:24:49,370 --> 00:24:47,730 chemical composition of planets in the 750 00:24:52,669 --> 00:24:49,380 habitable zone but only do that maybe 751 00:24:54,590 --> 00:24:52,679 one or a handful of times lavars D being 752 00:24:57,169 --> 00:24:54,600 designed literally with the goal of 753 00:24:58,640 --> 00:24:57,179 doing this for at least thirty rocky 754 00:25:00,860 --> 00:24:58,650 planets in the habitable zones of other 755 00:25:01,820 --> 00:25:00,870 stars now the reason we want to get to 756 00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:01,830 the number thirty we're actually 757 00:25:07,070 --> 00:25:03,510 designing the telescope to get to that 758 00:25:09,650 --> 00:25:07,080 goal is if you if you do the statistics 759 00:25:12,220 --> 00:25:09,660 once you get to thirty you can assess 760 00:25:15,620 --> 00:25:12,230 the presence or absence of a particular 761 00:25:17,450 --> 00:25:15,630 property to within ten percent and that 762 00:25:18,860 --> 00:25:17,460 you can you get an almost as long as 763 00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:18,870 that property is something the telescope 764 00:25:22,370 --> 00:25:21,120 can observe and measure it's any of the 765 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:22,380 properties and all the properties so I 766 00:25:26,690 --> 00:25:25,290 could say I want to know whether rocky 767 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:26,700 planets in the habitable zone which is 768 00:25:30,500 --> 00:25:28,410 defined around this concept of having 769 00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:30,510 the possibility to harbor global water 770 00:25:34,970 --> 00:25:33,510 oceans I want to know what percentage of 771 00:25:36,770 --> 00:25:34,980 planets in the habitable zone on rocky 772 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:36,780 planets in the habitable zone actually 773 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:38,610 have water and actually have oceans 774 00:25:42,620 --> 00:25:40,410 right is it a hundred percent 775 00:25:44,780 --> 00:25:42,630 is it zero percent is it fifty percent I 776 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:44,790 don't know the error bars right now are 777 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:47,850 zero to one hundred percent right after 778 00:25:50,150 --> 00:25:48,210 Louvois 779 00:25:52,220 --> 00:25:50,160 it'll be some number plus or minus ten 780 00:25:54,290 --> 00:25:52,230 percent you could ask the same question 781 00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:54,300 about oxygen potential bio signature or 782 00:25:59,510 --> 00:25:57,210 methane or organic haze I mean you could 783 00:26:02,060 --> 00:25:59,520 anything move our can observe you can 784 00:26:03,799 --> 00:26:02,070 say how abundant is that on planets 785 00:26:05,750 --> 00:26:03,809 inside the habitable zone and if you 786 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:05,760 believe we can look for life you can not 787 00:26:09,140 --> 00:26:07,170 just look for life but try to put an 788 00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:09,150 estimate on what ATIS of life is how 789 00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:11,370 common is life on these planets that 790 00:26:17,810 --> 00:26:15,360 have global liquid water oceans now how 791 00:26:20,270 --> 00:26:17,820 do we do that we again do it through 792 00:26:22,580 --> 00:26:20,280 spectroscopy and actually we in many 793 00:26:25,220 --> 00:26:22,590 ways leverage things we've learned from 794 00:26:27,500 --> 00:26:25,230 here on earth this is a seasonal map 795 00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:27,510 from space of growth both on the 796 00:26:30,610 --> 00:26:28,100 continents 797 00:26:33,070 --> 00:26:30,620 shown here with force kind of growing 798 00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:33,080 and shrinking seasonally and algal 799 00:26:36,460 --> 00:26:35,120 blooms in the ocean we can observe this 800 00:26:38,350 --> 00:26:36,470 from space because there are certain 801 00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:38,360 pigments that observes absorbs certain 802 00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:40,490 wavelengths of light and because leaves 803 00:26:44,380 --> 00:26:42,110 also have sort of a reflective feature 804 00:26:46,419 --> 00:26:44,390 that is also a wavelength dependent we 805 00:26:48,159 --> 00:26:46,429 can observe from space so not only can 806 00:26:50,650 --> 00:26:48,169 we probe chemical composition remotely 807 00:26:52,630 --> 00:26:50,660 but we can also probe the stuff that 808 00:26:56,020 --> 00:26:52,640 life is made of and especially the stuff 809 00:26:58,600 --> 00:26:56,030 related to photosynthesis and I love 810 00:27:00,520 --> 00:26:58,610 this this is the carbon dioxide in our 811 00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:00,530 atmosphere as observed by the O Co the 812 00:27:04,659 --> 00:27:02,570 observing carbon the orbiting carbon 813 00:27:09,730 --> 00:27:04,669 Observatory which by the way if you draw 814 00:27:11,529 --> 00:27:09,740 that out it's a co2 molecule awesome so 815 00:27:13,510 --> 00:27:11,539 this is co2 coming out from various 816 00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:13,520 places on earth and like there's again 817 00:27:17,409 --> 00:27:15,440 like a whole talk on this one slide if 818 00:27:19,270 --> 00:27:17,419 we wanted to stare at it for a while but 819 00:27:21,130 --> 00:27:19,280 the point here is we can probe carbon 820 00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:21,140 dioxide remotely we know how to do it on 821 00:27:25,510 --> 00:27:23,210 earth the challenge is both with the 822 00:27:27,250 --> 00:27:25,520 carbon dioxide and oxygen and water and 823 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:27,260 methane and also that the pigment stuff 824 00:27:31,120 --> 00:27:29,570 I was showing before is how can you 825 00:27:33,039 --> 00:27:31,130 assess carbon dioxide when you don't get 826 00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:33,049 this spatial information but you're just 827 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:34,730 getting a single pixel of light from 828 00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:37,010 that that planet that's that's one of 829 00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:39,679 the big challenges we have because that 830 00:27:43,180 --> 00:27:41,510 you know Carl Sagan was really poetic 831 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:43,190 about this right you talked about like 832 00:27:46,690 --> 00:27:44,690 you know all of human history is 833 00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:46,700 happened on this one pale blue dot like 834 00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:48,890 and that's awesome unless you're a 835 00:27:51,490 --> 00:27:50,330 scientist trying to figure out and prove 836 00:27:53,470 --> 00:27:51,500 to your colleagues whether or not that 837 00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:53,480 pale blue dot has life or not right 838 00:27:57,159 --> 00:27:55,850 that's hard and again I mentioned this 839 00:27:58,480 --> 00:27:57,169 before we're gonna do this with spectra 840 00:28:00,760 --> 00:27:58,490 we're gonna look for oxygen and ozone 841 00:28:02,409 --> 00:28:00,770 and methane and water we're gonna look 842 00:28:03,789 --> 00:28:02,419 for co2 all those heads gonna be frankly 843 00:28:07,299 --> 00:28:03,799 kind of hard and we're gonna look for 844 00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:07,309 like things like the red edge I would be 845 00:28:10,149 --> 00:28:08,510 willing to put my name on a paper that 846 00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:10,159 said we found evidence of life on a 847 00:28:13,810 --> 00:28:11,570 planet around another star if we had 848 00:28:16,029 --> 00:28:13,820 this whole suite of gases the hard thing 849 00:28:18,159 --> 00:28:16,039 becomes when you don't have the full 850 00:28:19,690 --> 00:28:18,169 suite that Earth has today or if you 851 00:28:21,430 --> 00:28:19,700 start to think about looking for kinds 852 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:21,440 of life that don't exist on earth today 853 00:28:24,399 --> 00:28:23,210 I mean one of the questions I get from 854 00:28:26,020 --> 00:28:24,409 public art I got actually got this for 855 00:28:28,210 --> 00:28:26,030 my mother-in-law I've got it from fellow 856 00:28:30,399 --> 00:28:28,220 scientists I've gotten from from kids 857 00:28:31,659 --> 00:28:30,409 though there's a common question I get 858 00:28:33,430 --> 00:28:31,669 when we talk about searching for life 859 00:28:34,990 --> 00:28:33,440 beyond Earth it's like well you're 860 00:28:36,789 --> 00:28:35,000 talking about aliens right have you 861 00:28:41,409 --> 00:28:36,799 thought outside the box and are you 862 00:28:45,169 --> 00:28:41,419 ready for the weird stuff right so yeah 863 00:28:51,590 --> 00:28:45,179 you can ask go ahead okay okay keep 864 00:28:53,710 --> 00:28:51,600 going yeah so that's the red edge so 865 00:28:57,380 --> 00:28:53,720 basically if you look at the color of 866 00:28:59,150 --> 00:28:57,390 Leafs you see a big spike and I think it 867 00:29:01,340 --> 00:28:59,160 is associated right around the color red 868 00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:01,350 and that's something that is indicative 869 00:29:05,630 --> 00:29:03,600 of plant life at the surface now there 870 00:29:07,279 --> 00:29:05,640 are potential false positives like 871 00:29:11,510 --> 00:29:07,289 minerals that could give a similar kind 872 00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:11,520 of feature but if you sigh I want to be 873 00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:13,710 careful here I wouldn't count on a lot 874 00:29:17,419 --> 00:29:15,360 of the red edge type stuff to be a 875 00:29:19,039 --> 00:29:17,429 primary bio signature but if I saw that 876 00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,049 red edge in the context of a planet that 877 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:21,600 also had oxygen and methane and water it 878 00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:23,250 would increase my confidence that there 879 00:29:26,630 --> 00:29:24,750 was life on the planet because it also 880 00:29:27,919 --> 00:29:26,640 sees some photos well something that was 881 00:29:30,980 --> 00:29:27,929 consistent with photosynthetic activity 882 00:29:32,690 --> 00:29:30,990 at the surface inside the context of a 883 00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:32,700 planet for which I saw the byproducts of 884 00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:34,950 oxygen photosynthesis in the same planet 885 00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:37,110 at the same time so again looking at 886 00:29:41,270 --> 00:29:38,610 Earth history gives us a guide on how to 887 00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:41,280 start thinking outside the box if you if 888 00:29:45,169 --> 00:29:42,720 you think about the amount of oxygen we 889 00:29:47,270 --> 00:29:45,179 have on earth today it's a lot and it's 890 00:29:49,039 --> 00:29:47,280 detectable but if you go backwards in 891 00:29:50,890 --> 00:29:49,049 time even 500 million years the amount 892 00:29:52,909 --> 00:29:50,900 of oxygen may have been undetectable 893 00:29:54,890 --> 00:29:52,919 fortunately ozone which is a 894 00:29:56,630 --> 00:29:54,900 photochemical byproduct of oxygen in the 895 00:29:59,299 --> 00:29:56,640 atmosphere would have been detectable 896 00:30:00,980 --> 00:29:59,309 for that that that time period all the 897 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:00,990 way back to about two and a half billion 898 00:30:04,549 --> 00:30:03,090 years ago past that you get into the 899 00:30:07,010 --> 00:30:04,559 Archaean and oxygen levels were so low 900 00:30:08,539 --> 00:30:07,020 that ozone and oxygen both would have 901 00:30:10,220 --> 00:30:08,549 been undetectable which which begs a 902 00:30:11,870 --> 00:30:10,230 question right later and we were talking 903 00:30:13,039 --> 00:30:11,880 about this earlier today the origin of 904 00:30:14,990 --> 00:30:13,049 life wasn't two and a half million years 905 00:30:17,419 --> 00:30:15,000 ago right it was at least a billion 906 00:30:18,980 --> 00:30:17,429 years before that if not longer before 907 00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:18,990 that in Earth's history so if we're 908 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:20,640 missing a billion years out of Earth's 909 00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:23,130 history of life how you know what are we 910 00:30:25,970 --> 00:30:24,510 doing here right like we're gonna build 911 00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:25,980 an expensive telescope and this a third 912 00:30:29,899 --> 00:30:27,450 of the history of life on Earth if we 913 00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:29,909 were we were staring back at home that 914 00:30:36,070 --> 00:30:32,590 I'm not comfortable with that 915 00:30:37,750 --> 00:30:36,080 so what we well and this is this is part 916 00:30:39,700 --> 00:30:37,760 of what is important about astrobiology 917 00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:39,710 not just thinking about the instruments 918 00:30:42,940 --> 00:30:41,270 and the missions but also thinking about 919 00:30:45,310 --> 00:30:42,950 the fundamental science that goes into 920 00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:45,320 what is a bio signature and what are the 921 00:30:49,060 --> 00:30:46,730 the full range of bio signatures we 922 00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:49,070 might expect so this is work that mostly 923 00:30:52,419 --> 00:30:50,960 follows from my colleague and officemate 924 00:30:54,460 --> 00:30:52,429 Chadha arne who's been thinking about 925 00:30:56,169 --> 00:30:54,470 what signatures that an toxic that 926 00:30:58,240 --> 00:30:56,179 oxygen-free atmosphere would would 927 00:30:59,290 --> 00:30:58,250 present and what she's found is a couple 928 00:31:01,210 --> 00:30:59,300 things one is there was a lot more 929 00:31:02,860 --> 00:31:01,220 methane so as those oxygen and ozone 930 00:31:04,450 --> 00:31:02,870 features are getting less strong the 931 00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:04,460 methane features are getting more strong 932 00:31:07,570 --> 00:31:06,020 which means you can see the methane 933 00:31:10,270 --> 00:31:07,580 which is good the problem is that 934 00:31:12,970 --> 00:31:10,280 methane has a lot of ways to be produced 935 00:31:15,790 --> 00:31:12,980 without biology and that's that's Pat 936 00:31:17,140 --> 00:31:15,800 for example Titan and our own solar 937 00:31:17,730 --> 00:31:17,150 system has plenty of methane in its 938 00:31:20,169 --> 00:31:17,740 atmosphere 939 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:20,179 now what jawed is proposed in the 940 00:31:23,860 --> 00:31:21,890 literature and I think she's onto 941 00:31:27,190 --> 00:31:23,870 something here is that if you have a 942 00:31:29,650 --> 00:31:27,200 haze and you see that methane you might 943 00:31:31,090 --> 00:31:29,660 you might have a bio signature now the 944 00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:31,100 problem with that is Titan also has a 945 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:33,170 haze so how do you distinguish between a 946 00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:34,850 biological planet that has a haze and 947 00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:36,650 methane and something like Titan where 948 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:37,970 there's a haze of methane but no life 949 00:31:42,220 --> 00:31:40,490 and the key is is not just looking at 950 00:31:44,020 --> 00:31:42,230 the one thing that's a bio signature 951 00:31:46,780 --> 00:31:44,030 right like the haze and the methane on 952 00:31:48,430 --> 00:31:46,790 their own are not pile signatures what 953 00:31:50,950 --> 00:31:48,440 is the bio signature is the haze and the 954 00:31:52,570 --> 00:31:50,960 methane in the environmental context of 955 00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:52,580 a planet that is a in the habitable zone 956 00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:54,530 and is bombarded with light and UV 957 00:31:58,900 --> 00:31:56,690 radiation all the time and has lots of 958 00:32:00,700 --> 00:31:58,910 oxygen atoms in its atmosphere in the 959 00:32:02,770 --> 00:32:00,710 form of carbon dioxide and critically of 960 00:32:04,630 --> 00:32:02,780 water because if you've got co2 and 961 00:32:06,310 --> 00:32:04,640 water in the atmosphere there's gonna be 962 00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:06,320 a photochemical Network that works to 963 00:32:09,549 --> 00:32:07,850 destroy the haze and the methane and the 964 00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:09,559 only way you keep the methane and the 965 00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:10,850 haze on the atmosphere is if you're 966 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:13,040 making the methane at the surface super 967 00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:15,530 rapidly and orders of magnitude more 968 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:17,660 rapidly than non-biological we think 969 00:32:21,250 --> 00:32:19,010 than we think non-biological processes 970 00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:21,260 can bruise methane right so this isn't a 971 00:32:25,060 --> 00:32:23,210 factor to problem it's not even a factor 972 00:32:26,980 --> 00:32:25,070 a ten problem this is like a three to 973 00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:26,990 four orders of magnitude problem between 974 00:32:30,730 --> 00:32:29,330 the two abiotic production rates of 975 00:32:32,710 --> 00:32:30,740 methane we think you can have on a 976 00:32:35,230 --> 00:32:32,720 planet versus what it takes to maintain 977 00:32:36,940 --> 00:32:35,240 a a x' and methane in an atmosphere 978 00:32:39,850 --> 00:32:36,950 where you've got carbon dioxide and 979 00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:39,860 water and UV light now what's important 980 00:32:43,540 --> 00:32:42,410 about that is that you that means you 981 00:32:45,490 --> 00:32:43,550 can't just look for the haze in the 982 00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:45,500 methane your mission has to be able to 983 00:32:47,350 --> 00:32:46,100 detect that 984 00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:47,360 other stuff too you have to see the 985 00:32:50,470 --> 00:32:48,890 water you have to see the carbon dioxide 986 00:32:52,090 --> 00:32:50,480 and you have to see the UV light from 987 00:32:53,860 --> 00:32:52,100 the hosts Ark and all that has to be 988 00:32:56,140 --> 00:32:53,870 well characterized before you can even 989 00:32:57,760 --> 00:32:56,150 start to talk about a bio signature now 990 00:32:59,860 --> 00:32:57,770 it's what's interesting is as we have 991 00:33:01,390 --> 00:32:59,870 thought about our our modern earth and 992 00:33:03,460 --> 00:33:01,400 proterozoic earth which which we be 993 00:33:06,419 --> 00:33:03,470 looking for oxygen in we're starting to 994 00:33:09,580 --> 00:33:06,429 tell a similar story because in the last 995 00:33:11,950 --> 00:33:09,590 eight years we've started to think about 996 00:33:15,430 --> 00:33:11,960 ways that non-biological processes could 997 00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:15,440 also make oxygen at I shouldn't say make 998 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:17,510 oxygen I should say accumulate oxygen in 999 00:33:21,399 --> 00:33:19,610 a planetary atmosphere and the way you 1000 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:21,409 do that is you like I use a bathtub 1001 00:33:24,820 --> 00:33:22,970 analogy like this is kind of gross but 1002 00:33:27,190 --> 00:33:24,830 like it's true if you never clean your 1003 00:33:28,510 --> 00:33:27,200 bathtub right eventually like the dreams 1004 00:33:29,830 --> 00:33:28,520 gonna get clogged and then like you're 1005 00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:29,840 gonna take a shower one day and like the 1006 00:33:32,529 --> 00:33:31,220 water is gonna like start coming up like 1007 00:33:34,330 --> 00:33:32,539 your ankles and it's gonna be a gross 1008 00:33:36,010 --> 00:33:34,340 and then you like you clear the Train 1009 00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:36,020 and then like the water drains out and 1010 00:33:40,149 --> 00:33:37,850 you're good right what's happening there 1011 00:33:41,710 --> 00:33:40,159 is whatever's in blocking the drain is 1012 00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:41,720 slowing the rate at which water leaves 1013 00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:43,730 the bathtub and so if you've got the 1014 00:33:47,380 --> 00:33:45,530 sort of the same input of water but a 1015 00:33:48,970 --> 00:33:47,390 slower output it's gonna come to like a 1016 00:33:49,390 --> 00:33:48,980 greater concentration or level in the 1017 00:33:52,390 --> 00:33:49,400 bathtub 1018 00:33:54,250 --> 00:33:52,400 at steady state we found ways to 1019 00:33:55,480 --> 00:33:54,260 basically do the same thing for abiotic 1020 00:33:57,549 --> 00:33:55,490 planets we found ways to basically 1021 00:33:59,529 --> 00:33:57,559 really slow down the destruction of 1022 00:34:02,080 --> 00:33:59,539 oxygen and so even if you're making it 1023 00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:02,090 slowly with non-biological processes you 1024 00:34:05,710 --> 00:34:03,650 can accumulate it in an atmosphere just 1025 00:34:09,099 --> 00:34:05,720 like water accumulating in a clogged up 1026 00:34:10,780 --> 00:34:09,109 tub so and the important thing about 1027 00:34:12,010 --> 00:34:10,790 that it's just like the arkanar story 1028 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:12,020 what you want to look for are the 1029 00:34:15,250 --> 00:34:13,490 telltale signs that the oxygen 1030 00:34:17,349 --> 00:34:15,260 destruction is slow and that comes in 1031 00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:17,359 the form of chemical context and we've 1032 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:18,710 been worried about this because we don't 1033 00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:22,010 what I don't want to do I don't want to 1034 00:34:25,030 --> 00:34:23,780 spend because this telescope by the way 1035 00:34:28,109 --> 00:34:25,040 it's not going to launch till at the 1036 00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:28,119 earliest 2035 and more likely 2040 I 1037 00:34:33,159 --> 00:34:31,310 want to be on that team that's a long 1038 00:34:35,859 --> 00:34:33,169 time from now and I want to retire 1039 00:34:37,780 --> 00:34:35,869 someday I don't want to spend my whole 1040 00:34:40,419 --> 00:34:37,790 career and lots of taxpayer money to 1041 00:34:42,070 --> 00:34:40,429 find evidence of life and call the 1042 00:34:43,540 --> 00:34:42,080 president and tell her we found it and 1043 00:34:45,820 --> 00:34:43,550 then be wrong in the literature like a 1044 00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:45,830 year later okay like that's not there's 1045 00:34:49,629 --> 00:34:47,330 parts of that world that that sound good 1046 00:34:51,070 --> 00:34:49,639 to me but the part where we're wrong 1047 00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:51,080 after spending my life in a lot of other 1048 00:34:55,810 --> 00:34:52,850 people's lives on the mission I don't 1049 00:34:57,430 --> 00:34:55,820 like and so we've been thinking about 1050 00:34:58,940 --> 00:34:57,440 this a lot what we've been doing is 1051 00:35:00,740 --> 00:34:58,950 actually cataloging all the way 1052 00:35:03,650 --> 00:35:00,750 you can make oxygen in a planetary 1053 00:35:06,500 --> 00:35:03,660 atmosphere that don't involve production 1054 00:35:08,060 --> 00:35:06,510 of oxygen at the surface by biology and 1055 00:35:09,170 --> 00:35:08,070 we've been thinking that one step past 1056 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:09,180 that which are what are the 1057 00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:11,130 observational features that those 1058 00:35:14,750 --> 00:35:13,050 abiotic production mechanisms would have 1059 00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:14,760 and what are the features that are 1060 00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:16,710 unique to the but to the planets for 1061 00:35:21,620 --> 00:35:18,450 which the oxygen is coming from 1062 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:21,630 biological processes and and the moral 1063 00:35:25,130 --> 00:35:23,490 of this story is basically you want the 1064 00:35:27,230 --> 00:35:25,140 same thing you want to get it how fast 1065 00:35:29,390 --> 00:35:27,240 is the oxygen being destroyed and if you 1066 00:35:31,730 --> 00:35:29,400 see things like methane and water in the 1067 00:35:33,290 --> 00:35:31,740 in the planetary atmosphere you know the 1068 00:35:35,450 --> 00:35:33,300 oxygens going to be destroyed rapidly 1069 00:35:37,250 --> 00:35:35,460 and that you need to replenish it 1070 00:35:39,589 --> 00:35:37,260 rapidly to keep it in the planetary 1071 00:35:41,720 --> 00:35:39,599 atmosphere and again this is an orders 1072 00:35:43,339 --> 00:35:41,730 of magnitude problem the oxygen 1073 00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:43,349 production rates that we can accumulate 1074 00:35:47,780 --> 00:35:45,930 oxygen with here are orders of magnitude 1075 00:35:50,870 --> 00:35:47,790 slower than modern-day oxygen production 1076 00:35:53,240 --> 00:35:50,880 rates right not 10 like not a factor 10 1077 00:35:56,329 --> 00:35:53,250 not a factor to multiple orders of 1078 00:35:57,440 --> 00:35:56,339 magnitude okay now all this leads to 1079 00:35:59,870 --> 00:35:57,450 something that you don't have to read 1080 00:36:01,280 --> 00:35:59,880 but basically all that science I was 1081 00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:01,290 just talking about actually gets fold 1082 00:36:05,809 --> 00:36:04,440 this is a this is a figure from our from 1083 00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:05,819 the loo floor intern report which is 1084 00:36:08,930 --> 00:36:06,930 going to get released to the public in 1085 00:36:10,670 --> 00:36:08,940 about a month we have we have thought 1086 00:36:12,740 --> 00:36:10,680 carefully about a series of observations 1087 00:36:14,870 --> 00:36:12,750 we would make that would both optimize 1088 00:36:17,540 --> 00:36:14,880 our telescope time but also rigorously 1089 00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:17,550 assess the chemical context of a planet 1090 00:36:20,450 --> 00:36:19,020 and its stellar context in terms of the 1091 00:36:20,980 --> 00:36:20,460 UV radiation hitting the top of the 1092 00:36:23,510 --> 00:36:20,990 atmosphere 1093 00:36:24,890 --> 00:36:23,520 okay now levar wouldn't just stop there 1094 00:36:26,720 --> 00:36:24,900 just like with the diversity of worlds 1095 00:36:29,089 --> 00:36:26,730 we're gonna do this this kind of science 1096 00:36:30,770 --> 00:36:29,099 in our solar system as well okay so our 1097 00:36:33,050 --> 00:36:30,780 nearest one of our nearest neighbors 1098 00:36:34,849 --> 00:36:33,060 whenever two nearest neighbors Mars has 1099 00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:34,859 a controversial detection of methane 1100 00:36:39,170 --> 00:36:37,290 that that some say very on seasonal and 1101 00:36:41,510 --> 00:36:39,180 spacial timescales we're measuring it at 1102 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:41,520 the surface with a rover there's two 1103 00:36:44,510 --> 00:36:42,690 different orbiters from two different 1104 00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:44,520 countries of one from you so one from 1105 00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:45,810 India that are looking at methane from 1106 00:36:49,220 --> 00:36:48,060 orbit and we're looking for an methane 1107 00:36:51,260 --> 00:36:49,230 with ground-based telescopes 1108 00:36:52,849 --> 00:36:51,270 Lavar would help tell that story because 1109 00:36:54,650 --> 00:36:52,859 it's going to be able to get global 1110 00:36:57,290 --> 00:36:54,660 images of the methane on Mars this is 1111 00:36:59,329 --> 00:36:57,300 just a model of like methane diffusing 1112 00:37:01,520 --> 00:36:59,339 from a point source or a plume on the 1113 00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:01,530 surface but if there was a plume of 1114 00:37:05,390 --> 00:37:03,450 methane on the surface imagine you have 1115 00:37:06,890 --> 00:37:05,400 a Rover there you've got an orbiter 1116 00:37:09,580 --> 00:37:06,900 passing overhead that's getting a really 1117 00:37:11,650 --> 00:37:09,590 detailed look across one swath of 1118 00:37:13,240 --> 00:37:11,660 of you know that the of the plume and 1119 00:37:14,650 --> 00:37:13,250 you're able to put that plume in a 1120 00:37:16,060 --> 00:37:14,660 global context because leVoir would be 1121 00:37:17,710 --> 00:37:16,070 able to not just make global 1122 00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:17,720 high-resolution maps of the Martian 1123 00:37:21,490 --> 00:37:19,760 surface but also map out things like 1124 00:37:22,720 --> 00:37:21,500 methane and carbon monoxide and other 1125 00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:22,730 trace gases in the Martian atmosphere 1126 00:37:28,510 --> 00:37:26,600 and our friends on Europa so habitable 1127 00:37:30,610 --> 00:37:28,520 zone is a is a term that exoplanet folks 1128 00:37:31,930 --> 00:37:30,620 throw around loosely and probably 1129 00:37:33,820 --> 00:37:31,940 inaccurately but it's the term we're 1130 00:37:36,250 --> 00:37:33,830 dealt with we don't think Europe is dead 1131 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:36,260 we actually think it quite has quite a 1132 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:37,490 lot of potential for life and we 1133 00:37:41,320 --> 00:37:38,930 actually want to be a part of the story 1134 00:37:44,860 --> 00:37:41,330 of what we might be doing in and around 1135 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:44,870 Europa in a few ways for one there's a 1136 00:37:48,160 --> 00:37:46,010 Europa clipper mission that's being 1137 00:37:50,080 --> 00:37:48,170 planned and also potential Europa Lander 1138 00:37:51,910 --> 00:37:50,090 we want to help sort of serve as like a 1139 00:37:53,890 --> 00:37:51,920 long-term reconnaissance for those 1140 00:37:56,140 --> 00:37:53,900 missions imagine the Clippers like 1141 00:37:57,700 --> 00:37:56,150 flying around Europa and it wants to fly 1142 00:37:58,960 --> 00:37:57,710 into a plume that's coming that's like 1143 00:38:01,570 --> 00:37:58,970 kind of spilling water from the 1144 00:38:02,830 --> 00:38:01,580 subsurface of Europa out into space well 1145 00:38:04,840 --> 00:38:02,840 what levar can do is the same thing 1146 00:38:06,670 --> 00:38:04,850 Hubble did Hubble found those plumes 1147 00:38:08,320 --> 00:38:06,680 right with UV observations that saw the 1148 00:38:10,720 --> 00:38:08,330 hydrogen and oxygen coming up from the 1149 00:38:12,730 --> 00:38:10,730 surface we could do that but we could do 1150 00:38:15,940 --> 00:38:12,740 it at much higher resolution and we can 1151 00:38:17,350 --> 00:38:15,950 tell the Clipper hey the plumes there if 1152 00:38:18,820 --> 00:38:17,360 you want to fly through it and catch a 1153 00:38:21,010 --> 00:38:18,830 little bit a little bit of that plume 1154 00:38:23,140 --> 00:38:21,020 that's where you want to fly we can tell 1155 00:38:24,970 --> 00:38:23,150 we can do long-term observations and see 1156 00:38:26,500 --> 00:38:24,980 if the if these plumes repeatedly crop 1157 00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:26,510 up at the same point on the surface 1158 00:38:31,720 --> 00:38:27,890 which might help with landing site 1159 00:38:35,110 --> 00:38:31,730 selection for a Europa Lander okay so 1160 00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:35,120 that's everything we did everything I 1161 00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:36,860 just talked about is kind of like where 1162 00:38:40,570 --> 00:38:38,810 we start when we think about spaceflight 1163 00:38:42,820 --> 00:38:40,580 missions at NASA we start with the 1164 00:38:45,130 --> 00:38:42,830 science we start with goals of that we 1165 00:38:46,810 --> 00:38:45,140 want to achieve and realize and then we 1166 00:38:48,430 --> 00:38:46,820 get with the engineers and we find out 1167 00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:48,440 what is it going to take to make this 1168 00:38:51,580 --> 00:38:50,510 all possible okay so the rest of this is 1169 00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:51,590 going to be sort of like what is it 1170 00:38:56,680 --> 00:38:52,850 going to take to do all that science I 1171 00:38:59,410 --> 00:38:56,690 just talked about and the the quote here 1172 00:39:01,240 --> 00:38:59,420 that I think is most relevant is one 1173 00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:01,250 from Amelia Earhart which is the most 1174 00:39:03,930 --> 00:39:02,810 effective way to do it is to do it and 1175 00:39:06,430 --> 00:39:03,940 this is important in two ways one 1176 00:39:08,140 --> 00:39:06,440 sometimes you just have to decide that 1177 00:39:10,090 --> 00:39:08,150 you're going to be ambitious enough to 1178 00:39:15,700 --> 00:39:10,100 try something really hard even if it's 1179 00:39:17,410 --> 00:39:15,710 really hard the second is the things 1180 00:39:18,640 --> 00:39:17,420 that we are most capable of doing are 1181 00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:18,650 the things that we already know how to 1182 00:39:22,289 --> 00:39:20,510 do because we've done them before and 1183 00:39:24,299 --> 00:39:22,299 it's important that when we're doing 1184 00:39:26,459 --> 00:39:24,309 really hard things we leverage as much 1185 00:39:30,179 --> 00:39:26,469 of our what we call heritage but our 1186 00:39:32,759 --> 00:39:30,189 expertise and history as possible okay 1187 00:39:34,380 --> 00:39:32,769 so this is not a mistake there's a pale 1188 00:39:36,150 --> 00:39:34,390 blue dot on the screen and it's on here 1189 00:39:38,029 --> 00:39:36,160 to show you the most difficult technical 1190 00:39:41,189 --> 00:39:38,039 problem our engineers have to deal with 1191 00:39:45,150 --> 00:39:41,199 can anyone see it I'd be shocked if you 1192 00:39:46,259 --> 00:39:45,160 could actually I'm wearing glasses and 1193 00:39:47,669 --> 00:39:46,269 I'm right next to the screen like I 1194 00:39:51,229 --> 00:39:47,679 literally can't see it but I promise you 1195 00:39:53,069 --> 00:39:51,239 it's on there now can anyone see it now 1196 00:39:55,439 --> 00:39:53,079 and the back can you see it on the back 1197 00:39:56,939 --> 00:39:55,449 PI nog sir you can't okay so it's right 1198 00:40:00,059 --> 00:39:56,949 if you can't see it it's right there and 1199 00:40:01,859 --> 00:40:00,069 it was right there all along okay now 1200 00:40:03,479 --> 00:40:01,869 there's two problems that I just 1201 00:40:05,249 --> 00:40:03,489 demonstrated right it went from like 1202 00:40:08,929 --> 00:40:05,259 impossible to see it or really hard to 1203 00:40:12,870 --> 00:40:08,939 see the impossible to see part of it 1204 00:40:14,669 --> 00:40:12,880 back here is that little pale blue dot 1205 00:40:15,749 --> 00:40:14,679 even though it's there you can't detect 1206 00:40:17,189 --> 00:40:15,759 it with your eyes because they're 1207 00:40:18,689 --> 00:40:17,199 literally kind of like flooded and 1208 00:40:20,880 --> 00:40:18,699 overwhelmed with light from the rest of 1209 00:40:23,459 --> 00:40:20,890 the screen and that light is running up 1210 00:40:24,689 --> 00:40:23,469 right next to that pale blue dot it's 1211 00:40:26,249 --> 00:40:24,699 kind of like if you're trying to track a 1212 00:40:27,599 --> 00:40:26,259 ball or a plane in the sky and it's 1213 00:40:31,140 --> 00:40:27,609 crossing right over the Sun if you keep 1214 00:40:33,109 --> 00:40:31,150 watching it you'll go blind don't do 1215 00:40:35,549 --> 00:40:33,119 that or at least you'll you'll you'll 1216 00:40:37,769 --> 00:40:35,559 suffer some pain in your eyeballs for a 1217 00:40:39,269 --> 00:40:37,779 little bit and the reason is that the 1218 00:40:40,739 --> 00:40:39,279 sunlight is overwhelming your detectors 1219 00:40:42,209 --> 00:40:40,749 and the same things happening here the 1220 00:40:43,620 --> 00:40:42,219 light from the screen is overwhelming 1221 00:40:45,779 --> 00:40:43,630 your detectors to the point where they 1222 00:40:47,429 --> 00:40:45,789 can't detect the pale blue dot somewhere 1223 00:40:49,679 --> 00:40:47,439 in this field the second problem is the 1224 00:40:51,989 --> 00:40:49,689 pale blue dot is pale it's really dim 1225 00:40:53,640 --> 00:40:51,999 and so you need you need to be able to 1226 00:40:56,009 --> 00:40:53,650 collect photons from that really dim 1227 00:40:57,959 --> 00:40:56,019 thing to be able to analyze it 1228 00:40:59,839 --> 00:40:57,969 especially if you want to not just see 1229 00:41:01,979 --> 00:40:59,849 the pale blue dot but see how blue it is 1230 00:41:03,630 --> 00:41:01,989 which means you have to not just collect 1231 00:41:05,219 --> 00:41:03,640 light from it but collect enough light 1232 00:41:06,569 --> 00:41:05,229 to spread that light out into those 1233 00:41:08,339 --> 00:41:06,579 different color buckets that give you 1234 00:41:10,799 --> 00:41:08,349 the spectrum and do that with enough 1235 00:41:13,229 --> 00:41:10,809 signal-to-noise to make some scientific 1236 00:41:15,979 --> 00:41:13,239 measurements and assessments that's all 1237 00:41:19,019 --> 00:41:15,989 of that is hard it's really hard 1238 00:41:20,429 --> 00:41:19,029 fortunately it's not a unicorn it's not 1239 00:41:22,469 --> 00:41:20,439 something we've never done before 1240 00:41:24,120 --> 00:41:22,479 in fact we're doing it right now just 1241 00:41:26,489 --> 00:41:24,130 not quite at the level we need to do it 1242 00:41:28,799 --> 00:41:26,499 for how rocky planets and the habitable 1243 00:41:31,229 --> 00:41:28,809 zones of other stars all right so these 1244 00:41:32,549 --> 00:41:31,239 are this is real imagery that's been 1245 00:41:34,829 --> 00:41:32,559 stitched together to make a movie this 1246 00:41:36,150 --> 00:41:34,839 is from ground-based observations I want 1247 00:41:37,319 --> 00:41:36,160 to say calamar but I can't remember 1248 00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:37,329 for sure which ground-based telescope 1249 00:41:41,460 --> 00:41:39,760 it's from this is not a potentially 1250 00:41:43,740 --> 00:41:41,470 earth-like worlds this is of like really 1251 00:41:47,130 --> 00:41:43,750 hot Jupiter like things that are far out 1252 00:41:49,109 --> 00:41:47,140 from from their host star but it's using 1253 00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:49,119 the same technology that we need to use 1254 00:41:53,279 --> 00:41:51,730 to find rocky planets closer to the star 1255 00:41:55,140 --> 00:41:53,289 that could have life okay 1256 00:41:56,940 --> 00:41:55,150 the difference is twofold one this is 1257 00:41:58,799 --> 00:41:56,950 being done from the ground so you're 1258 00:42:00,329 --> 00:41:58,809 you're kind of staring through the the 1259 00:42:02,670 --> 00:42:00,339 same atmosphere that make makes the 1260 00:42:04,890 --> 00:42:02,680 stars twinkle at night and screws with 1261 00:42:06,569 --> 00:42:04,900 our astronomical observations and the 1262 00:42:08,039 --> 00:42:06,579 second is it's just not at the level of 1263 00:42:09,569 --> 00:42:08,049 technology we need it to be yet in terms 1264 00:42:10,859 --> 00:42:09,579 of how effective it is at blocking out 1265 00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:10,869 that central starlight and the way this 1266 00:42:14,339 --> 00:42:12,910 works is like you know it's like is 1267 00:42:15,779 --> 00:42:14,349 almost as dumb as you might think like 1268 00:42:17,609 --> 00:42:15,789 if you were tracking a ball in the sky 1269 00:42:18,599 --> 00:42:17,619 playing on the sky you put your hand 1270 00:42:20,700 --> 00:42:18,609 over the Sun that's kind of what it's 1271 00:42:24,450 --> 00:42:20,710 doing it just in like no way more 1272 00:42:26,069 --> 00:42:24,460 complicated way than that okay so that's 1273 00:42:28,049 --> 00:42:26,079 one challenge keep that in mind 1274 00:42:30,299 --> 00:42:28,059 we're developing technologies that will 1275 00:42:32,250 --> 00:42:30,309 help us solve it one of the things we 1276 00:42:33,779 --> 00:42:32,260 need to do is we need a big build the 1277 00:42:35,010 --> 00:42:33,789 larger telescopes that's and I talked 1278 00:42:36,750 --> 00:42:35,020 about this at the outset that's going to 1279 00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:36,760 give us better angular resolution more 1280 00:42:40,470 --> 00:42:38,710 spatial pixels it's gonna let us see 1281 00:42:42,269 --> 00:42:40,480 those pale blue dots and see enough 1282 00:42:45,089 --> 00:42:42,279 light from them just to get spectra on 1283 00:42:46,620 --> 00:42:45,099 them and it turns out that it's easier 1284 00:42:48,299 --> 00:42:46,630 to block out the starlight with a larger 1285 00:42:49,620 --> 00:42:48,309 telescope as well for reasons that have 1286 00:42:51,690 --> 00:42:49,630 to do with the physics of how you how 1287 00:42:53,490 --> 00:42:51,700 you block that central starlight so for 1288 00:42:54,920 --> 00:42:53,500 I'm just gonna put this down well let's 1289 00:42:58,319 --> 00:42:54,930 see I know I can do this 1290 00:43:00,450 --> 00:42:58,329 so for example Hubble is 2.4 meters 1291 00:43:03,420 --> 00:43:00,460 across it's like probably a little bit 1292 00:43:05,160 --> 00:43:03,430 bigger than my wingspan okay so Hubble's 1293 00:43:08,730 --> 00:43:05,170 got a mirror that's about yay big around 1294 00:43:10,260 --> 00:43:08,740 okay Jenni BST Mike I'm gonna walk so my 1295 00:43:12,359 --> 00:43:10,270 levels might spike for a second I 1296 00:43:16,799 --> 00:43:12,369 apologize is six and a half meters 1297 00:43:18,779 --> 00:43:16,809 across so it's probably about the 1298 00:43:20,130 --> 00:43:18,789 probably out the width of this stage is 1299 00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:20,140 six and a half meters across the net 1300 00:43:24,329 --> 00:43:22,450 that's the difference between what JWST 1301 00:43:25,769 --> 00:43:24,339 is gonna see in the universe and Hubble 1302 00:43:27,539 --> 00:43:25,779 it's it's gonna have much better spatial 1303 00:43:28,829 --> 00:43:27,549 resolution it's also looking in the 1304 00:43:30,539 --> 00:43:28,839 infrared and it's gonna be able to see 1305 00:43:32,190 --> 00:43:30,549 really faint stuff that's that's 1306 00:43:34,650 --> 00:43:32,200 redshifted so far we have to look in the 1307 00:43:37,079 --> 00:43:34,660 infrared to see that stuff louvre juarez 1308 00:43:38,970 --> 00:43:37,089 is a factor over to again bigger than 1309 00:43:41,010 --> 00:43:38,980 that so I couldn't even block this out 1310 00:43:42,660 --> 00:43:41,020 it's probably about from here to the 1311 00:43:44,309 --> 00:43:42,670 edge of that room the edge of the room 1312 00:43:46,890 --> 00:43:44,319 is about how big across the Louvre our 1313 00:43:47,990 --> 00:43:46,900 primary Mir would be now not bring and 1314 00:43:49,280 --> 00:43:48,000 by the way 1315 00:43:51,560 --> 00:43:49,290 isn't something we assemble in space 1316 00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:51,570 just like JWST we would fold this up in 1317 00:43:56,690 --> 00:43:53,820 a rocket and by the way yes every time 1318 00:43:58,700 --> 00:43:56,700 SpaceX or Blue Origin or NASA launches a 1319 00:43:59,930 --> 00:43:58,710 new powerful rocket like the scientists 1320 00:44:01,520 --> 00:43:59,940 are cheering because that means like 1321 00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:01,530 more mass and more volume of space we 1322 00:44:06,080 --> 00:44:04,410 get like super excited about it so we 1323 00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:06,090 could we've found out we can fold this 1324 00:44:10,100 --> 00:44:08,610 thing up into SLS which is basically 1325 00:44:11,780 --> 00:44:10,110 like NASA's version of the Falcon Heavy 1326 00:44:13,580 --> 00:44:11,790 it's the next generation rocket NASA's 1327 00:44:15,590 --> 00:44:13,590 building to send humans to Mars and 1328 00:44:19,040 --> 00:44:15,600 other locations for us it's the thing we 1329 00:44:20,480 --> 00:44:19,050 stuff giant space telescopes into now 1330 00:44:21,740 --> 00:44:20,490 not only does it Mir have to be big 1331 00:44:23,780 --> 00:44:21,750 the other challenge with it is it has to 1332 00:44:26,750 --> 00:44:23,790 be super stable it has to be stable on a 1333 00:44:28,490 --> 00:44:26,760 level of like tens of Pico meters and be 1334 00:44:29,660 --> 00:44:28,500 that large and we're developing the 1335 00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:29,670 technologies for that too and I'll show 1336 00:44:34,970 --> 00:44:32,570 a picture or two of that at the end and 1337 00:44:38,210 --> 00:44:34,980 it's going to stow in the rocket and 1338 00:44:39,350 --> 00:44:38,220 then unfold in space this is not the 1339 00:44:40,850 --> 00:44:39,360 current design we've actually changed 1340 00:44:42,770 --> 00:44:40,860 our mirror design it's closer to the one 1341 00:44:44,420 --> 00:44:42,780 I showed on the last image it's going to 1342 00:44:45,950 --> 00:44:44,430 have two folds on either side on like 1343 00:44:47,810 --> 00:44:45,960 web which has one on either side and 1344 00:44:49,280 --> 00:44:47,820 it's got this central baffle to prevent 1345 00:44:51,170 --> 00:44:49,290 stray light from getting in from other 1346 00:44:52,790 --> 00:44:51,180 targets like the moon or other stars 1347 00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:52,800 that we're not looking out it's going to 1348 00:44:56,180 --> 00:44:54,120 have a Sun shield we've had problems 1349 00:44:57,560 --> 00:44:56,190 with the Sun shield on JWST this one's 1350 00:44:59,630 --> 00:44:57,570 the size of a football field yes it 1351 00:45:01,850 --> 00:44:59,640 makes me nervous and it's going to have 1352 00:45:03,050 --> 00:45:01,860 below the telescope or behind it it's 1353 00:45:05,060 --> 00:45:03,060 going to have instruments it'll have 1354 00:45:07,730 --> 00:45:05,070 four instrument bays one difference 1355 00:45:08,660 --> 00:45:07,740 between leVoir and JWST that's important 1356 00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:08,670 other than the differences I've 1357 00:45:12,380 --> 00:45:10,950 mentioned so far is our loop our 1358 00:45:14,180 --> 00:45:12,390 instrument base for loop war will be 1359 00:45:15,890 --> 00:45:14,190 serviceable so they're gonna have all 1360 00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:15,900 the knobs at astronauts or robots need 1361 00:45:20,870 --> 00:45:18,810 to grab onto them swap them out and put 1362 00:45:22,190 --> 00:45:20,880 a next generation instrument in or if we 1363 00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:22,200 mess something up at the telescope put 1364 00:45:27,710 --> 00:45:23,430 in an instrument that has corrective 1365 00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:27,720 optics which is how he fixed Hubble now 1366 00:45:30,980 --> 00:45:29,010 all this and this goes back to the quote 1367 00:45:32,750 --> 00:45:30,990 from Amelia Earhart all of this 1368 00:45:33,980 --> 00:45:32,760 leverages the stuff we've already done 1369 00:45:35,390 --> 00:45:33,990 right we know how to build these 1370 00:45:36,770 --> 00:45:35,400 segments to telescopes we're about to 1371 00:45:40,250 --> 00:45:36,780 launch one I promise we're gonna launch 1372 00:45:41,990 --> 00:45:40,260 it soon with JD BST and that's a huge 1373 00:45:44,180 --> 00:45:42,000 technology that's going into levar but 1374 00:45:46,160 --> 00:45:44,190 it's not the only one w first which is 1375 00:45:47,390 --> 00:45:46,170 the next flagship mission after JD BST 1376 00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:47,400 is helping develop the coronagraph 1377 00:45:51,980 --> 00:45:49,770 technology and demonstrate how it would 1378 00:45:53,840 --> 00:45:51,990 work in space almost to the level we 1379 00:45:55,310 --> 00:45:53,850 need it to work for levar we're learning 1380 00:45:56,990 --> 00:45:55,320 a lot of science from Kepler about these 1381 00:45:58,370 --> 00:45:57,000 exoplanets I talked about before and 1382 00:45:59,780 --> 00:45:58,380 we're going to learn that from tests 1383 00:46:00,620 --> 00:45:59,790 which is also launching later this year 1384 00:46:01,140 --> 00:46:00,630 that's going to be kind of like a 1385 00:46:03,329 --> 00:46:01,150 coupler 1386 00:46:05,579 --> 00:46:03,339 steroids and from Hubble we've learned 1387 00:46:07,710 --> 00:46:05,589 first of all just a tremendous amount 1388 00:46:10,019 --> 00:46:07,720 about the universe but secondly how to 1389 00:46:12,029 --> 00:46:10,029 operate UV optical infrared telescopes 1390 00:46:14,789 --> 00:46:12,039 like Louvre are and operate them for 1391 00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:14,799 many decades a lot of people have said 1392 00:46:18,299 --> 00:46:15,970 like if you really want to know what 1393 00:46:20,190 --> 00:46:18,309 Louvre art is it's the super duper duper 1394 00:46:21,809 --> 00:46:20,200 hubble right like it's Hubble but like 1395 00:46:25,130 --> 00:46:21,819 souped-up in like a thousand different 1396 00:46:27,299 --> 00:46:25,140 ways I should mention before I close 1397 00:46:28,650 --> 00:46:27,309 there's there's one other telescope 1398 00:46:30,839 --> 00:46:28,660 that's being concept that's being 1399 00:46:32,039 --> 00:46:30,849 studied alongside Lubar solovar and by 1400 00:46:33,269 --> 00:46:32,049 the way levar is not like for sure 1401 00:46:34,769 --> 00:46:33,279 happening I don't want to give that 1402 00:46:37,260 --> 00:46:34,779 impression to this audience 1403 00:46:39,180 --> 00:46:37,270 levar is a concept mission that's 1404 00:46:40,740 --> 00:46:39,190 basically me being pitched to the the 1405 00:46:43,049 --> 00:46:40,750 National Academies astrophysics 1406 00:46:44,519 --> 00:46:43,059 decadence survey for sciences right and 1407 00:46:46,349 --> 00:46:44,529 the cantle survey will make a 1408 00:46:48,240 --> 00:46:46,359 prioritization as to whether levar or 1409 00:46:50,130 --> 00:46:48,250 something else should go forward is like 1410 00:46:51,660 --> 00:46:50,140 the next flagship mission for NASA but 1411 00:46:54,299 --> 00:46:51,670 it's one of four concepts that are being 1412 00:46:55,529 --> 00:46:54,309 pitched levar the Origin Space Telescope 1413 00:46:58,890 --> 00:46:55,539 which is going to do science similar to 1414 00:46:59,940 --> 00:46:58,900 web but with a more sensitive set of 1415 00:47:02,730 --> 00:46:59,950 instruments because it's going to be 1416 00:47:04,140 --> 00:47:02,740 even colder than than JWST is Lynx which 1417 00:47:05,730 --> 00:47:04,150 is an x-ray telescope that'll look at 1418 00:47:07,980 --> 00:47:05,740 high-energy processes in the universe 1419 00:47:10,170 --> 00:47:07,990 and have X is the fourth and this is an 1420 00:47:12,269 --> 00:47:10,180 artist's rendering of Havoc's how Beck's 1421 00:47:14,250 --> 00:47:12,279 is a lot like loot floor but on a less 1422 00:47:15,960 --> 00:47:14,260 ambitious scale but with maybe like some 1423 00:47:19,109 --> 00:47:15,970 smaller technological challenges right 1424 00:47:21,690 --> 00:47:19,119 and and this is important because what's 1425 00:47:23,970 --> 00:47:21,700 the quote like the future is is hard to 1426 00:47:26,609 --> 00:47:23,980 predict right especially because it 1427 00:47:29,180 --> 00:47:26,619 hasn't happened yet we don't know what 1428 00:47:30,930 --> 00:47:29,190 our budgets are gonna be like next year 1429 00:47:32,220 --> 00:47:30,940 we definitely don't know what our 1430 00:47:33,569 --> 00:47:32,230 budgets are gonna be in five or ten 1431 00:47:35,279 --> 00:47:33,579 years we don't know what technologies 1432 00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:35,289 that we're trying to develop develop now 1433 00:47:39,120 --> 00:47:37,210 are actually going to be ready when this 1434 00:47:41,160 --> 00:47:39,130 new mission starts in five years it's 1435 00:47:43,470 --> 00:47:41,170 important for us to like study an array 1436 00:47:44,940 --> 00:47:43,480 of different options because we want to 1437 00:47:47,250 --> 00:47:44,950 be ready for that sort of diversity of 1438 00:47:48,779 --> 00:47:47,260 future possibilities and half x is a 1439 00:47:50,190 --> 00:47:48,789 huge part of that so like there's have X 1440 00:47:52,109 --> 00:47:50,200 there's levar they're doing the same 1441 00:47:53,460 --> 00:47:52,119 kind of science on different scales with 1442 00:47:55,010 --> 00:47:53,470 different levels of challenge in front 1443 00:47:57,180 --> 00:47:55,020 of them in terms of technology and cost 1444 00:47:58,529 --> 00:47:57,190 and we've even talked like joked 1445 00:48:00,559 --> 00:47:58,539 internally about like a Louvre X which 1446 00:48:02,609 --> 00:48:00,569 is like maybe a sweet spot in between 1447 00:48:05,099 --> 00:48:02,619 okay so lastly what are our hurdles 1448 00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:05,109 beyond like the technical challenges so 1449 00:48:09,150 --> 00:48:07,690 I love this quote from the senior 1450 00:48:11,160 --> 00:48:09,160 scientist for astrobiology and I think 1451 00:48:12,480 --> 00:48:11,170 that's on display today everyone's an 1452 00:48:13,829 --> 00:48:12,490 astrobiologist they just don't know it 1453 00:48:14,720 --> 00:48:13,839 yet right because this is an 1454 00:48:17,450 --> 00:48:14,730 all-hands-on-deck 1455 00:48:18,920 --> 00:48:17,460 and every way and imaginable we need 1456 00:48:20,150 --> 00:48:18,930 instrument designers and engineers to 1457 00:48:21,950 --> 00:48:20,160 figure out how to block the central 1458 00:48:23,450 --> 00:48:21,960 starlight this is some maps of what that 1459 00:48:25,640 --> 00:48:23,460 looks like as the sort of as the 1460 00:48:27,349 --> 00:48:25,650 telescope instrumentation sees it this 1461 00:48:28,460 --> 00:48:27,359 is actually pictures of the technology 1462 00:48:30,230 --> 00:48:28,470 that would give us that picometer 1463 00:48:31,790 --> 00:48:30,240 stability so and that's like a whole 1464 00:48:33,109 --> 00:48:31,800 different kind of engineering than like 1465 00:48:34,910 --> 00:48:33,119 the because this is like a systems 1466 00:48:36,349 --> 00:48:34,920 engineering promises you need all 1467 00:48:39,349 --> 00:48:36,359 different kinds of engineers like 1468 00:48:41,420 --> 00:48:39,359 mechanical optical thermal electrical 1469 00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:41,430 all onboard this problem then that that 1470 00:48:45,500 --> 00:48:42,930 in and of itself is an interdisciplinary 1471 00:48:47,180 --> 00:48:45,510 problem but we also need to think as 1472 00:48:48,980 --> 00:48:47,190 scientists about the diversity of ways 1473 00:48:50,180 --> 00:48:48,990 that we could assess the data that we're 1474 00:48:52,310 --> 00:48:50,190 gonna get and actually I think the 1475 00:48:53,930 --> 00:48:52,320 person that's pushed this stuff forward 1476 00:48:56,030 --> 00:48:53,940 is someone that debts spent some time 1477 00:48:57,320 --> 00:48:56,040 here which is Sarah Walker who's been 1478 00:48:59,630 --> 00:48:57,330 talking a lot about agnostic 1479 00:49:01,300 --> 00:48:59,640 biosignatures and networks of chemicals 1480 00:49:03,380 --> 00:49:01,310 is biosignature on Europa and Enceladus 1481 00:49:04,970 --> 00:49:03,390 but she's also started to think about 1482 00:49:06,050 --> 00:49:04,980 the same thing for exoplanets right so 1483 00:49:08,540 --> 00:49:06,060 instead of looking at just like the 1484 00:49:10,609 --> 00:49:08,550 oxygen methane water trio maybe using 1485 00:49:12,620 --> 00:49:10,619 what we can see to infer the chemical 1486 00:49:14,390 --> 00:49:12,630 the the complexity of the chemical 1487 00:49:16,250 --> 00:49:14,400 Network that's underneath in that 1488 00:49:18,530 --> 00:49:16,260 planetary atmosphere and trying to use 1489 00:49:19,849 --> 00:49:18,540 that as sort of art our assessment of 1490 00:49:22,580 --> 00:49:19,859 whether or not there's there's life on a 1491 00:49:24,260 --> 00:49:22,590 particular planet which I think there's 1492 00:49:25,580 --> 00:49:24,270 a tremendous amount of Merit here but 1493 00:49:29,030 --> 00:49:25,590 there's a lot of research that has yet 1494 00:49:30,380 --> 00:49:29,040 to be done so but the point here is we 1495 00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:30,390 need all hands on deck we need people 1496 00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:32,010 like Sarah Walker we need people like in 1497 00:49:36,170 --> 00:49:33,330 this room that have thought a lot about 1498 00:49:37,700 --> 00:49:36,180 chemical networks to start thinking 1499 00:49:39,620 --> 00:49:37,710 about what what a bio signature look 1500 00:49:40,940 --> 00:49:39,630 like from a chemical Network perspective 1501 00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:40,950 instead of the perspective I 1502 00:49:43,970 --> 00:49:42,210 traditionally look at it which is like 1503 00:49:45,530 --> 00:49:43,980 two or three individual molecules which 1504 00:49:47,720 --> 00:49:45,540 together are hard to keep in malice fear 1505 00:49:49,220 --> 00:49:47,730 that the network approach is a more 1506 00:49:53,599 --> 00:49:49,230 quantifiable way to say what I just said 1507 00:49:54,980 --> 00:49:53,609 okay and then lastly we need diversity 1508 00:49:56,480 --> 00:49:54,990 in terms of the disciplines we bring to 1509 00:49:58,190 --> 00:49:56,490 bear but like there's a lot of research 1510 00:49:59,599 --> 00:49:58,200 that's shown that like more diverse 1511 00:50:01,430 --> 00:49:59,609 teams not just in terms of discipline 1512 00:50:02,780 --> 00:50:01,440 but in terms of race and gender and just 1513 00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:02,790 socioeconomic background like when 1514 00:50:06,530 --> 00:50:04,050 you've got more diverse teams you get 1515 00:50:08,240 --> 00:50:06,540 two better answers faster and to be 1516 00:50:10,430 --> 00:50:08,250 frank we just we don't have a diverse 1517 00:50:11,930 --> 00:50:10,440 enough community to from me to be 1518 00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:11,940 comfortable to say like we were really 1519 00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:14,310 optimized in that sense and so this is 1520 00:50:17,030 --> 00:50:15,330 the last quote and that's the one I'm 1521 00:50:18,170 --> 00:50:17,040 gonna leave you all with which is it's 1522 00:50:20,330 --> 00:50:18,180 time for parents to teach young people 1523 00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:20,340 early on that in diversity there is 1524 00:50:22,940 --> 00:50:21,330 beauty and there is strength I think 1525 00:50:25,190 --> 00:50:22,950 that's true about the universe I think 1526 00:50:28,130 --> 00:50:25,200 that's true about teams that try to 1527 00:50:28,590 --> 00:50:28,140 tackle hard problems and I thank you for 1528 00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:28,600 your time 1529 00:50:41,859 --> 00:50:30,370 look for deer questions 1530 00:50:50,150 --> 00:50:44,870 so other your risk ended you wanna do 1531 00:50:58,160 --> 00:50:50,160 questions Kenda where is coming yeah 1532 00:51:00,170 --> 00:50:58,170 sure yeah what kind of resolution are 1533 00:51:09,950 --> 00:51:00,180 you getting with the spectrometers on 1534 00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:09,960 the fly yeah well I didn't go into the 1535 00:51:14,180 --> 00:51:12,720 instruments in detail I'm gonna try to 1536 00:51:15,770 --> 00:51:14,190 do this from a memory but I'm probably 1537 00:51:17,089 --> 00:51:15,780 not gonna hit it all are you are you 1538 00:51:18,650 --> 00:51:17,099 asked can I ask what target you're 1539 00:51:24,680 --> 00:51:18,660 asking about is it an exoplanet or a 1540 00:51:26,630 --> 00:51:24,690 solar system target for the exoplanets 1541 00:51:28,160 --> 00:51:26,640 spectra that I was showing okay for the 1542 00:51:31,609 --> 00:51:28,170 exoplanet spectra we're looking at a 1543 00:51:33,920 --> 00:51:31,619 target resolution of 150 because that's 1544 00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:33,930 what we need to see the oxygen a band 1545 00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:37,200 really really well there are all right 1546 00:51:40,579 --> 00:51:38,910 ideas and concepts to go super high 1547 00:51:43,339 --> 00:51:40,589 resolution like into the hundreds or the 1548 00:51:45,490 --> 00:51:43,349 thousands the problem with that is 1549 00:51:48,020 --> 00:51:45,500 unless we have super low noise detectors 1550 00:51:49,599 --> 00:51:48,030 we're breaking up the photons into so 1551 00:51:52,880 --> 00:51:49,609 many bins we're getting hit by the 1552 00:51:55,250 --> 00:51:52,890 detector noise so we the the game we 1553 00:51:56,690 --> 00:51:55,260 want to play is we want to go high 1554 00:51:58,160 --> 00:51:56,700 enough resolution to observe the bands 1555 00:52:00,170 --> 00:51:58,170 we're looking for from oxygen but not 1556 00:52:02,599 --> 00:52:00,180 the molecular lines the the the band 1557 00:52:05,390 --> 00:52:02,609 structure but not so high that we're 1558 00:52:07,910 --> 00:52:05,400 losing to the noise of the of the from 1559 00:52:09,620 --> 00:52:07,920 the binning I mean 150 looks like a 1560 00:52:12,920 --> 00:52:09,630 sweet spot in terms of optimizing your 1561 00:52:14,300 --> 00:52:12,930 observation time for oxygen so and 1562 00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:14,310 because that's so central to a lot of 1563 00:52:18,109 --> 00:52:15,810 what we're doing we've kind of hit it 1564 00:52:19,849 --> 00:52:18,119 there at that resolution we also see 1565 00:52:21,829 --> 00:52:19,859 water and methane and other things in 1566 00:52:23,839 --> 00:52:21,839 that wavelength range we have a higher 1567 00:52:25,900 --> 00:52:23,849 resolution motive I think 200 in the 1568 00:52:29,960 --> 00:52:25,910 concept instrument out in the infrared 1569 00:52:32,780 --> 00:52:29,970 not specifically to see carbon dioxide 1570 00:52:33,950 --> 00:52:32,790 in very co2 rich atmospheres and the 1571 00:52:35,540 --> 00:52:33,960 reason for that is that's one of the 1572 00:52:37,099 --> 00:52:35,550 false positive mechanisms I mentioned 1573 00:52:38,780 --> 00:52:37,109 before if you've got a lot of co2 you 1574 00:52:41,450 --> 00:52:38,790 can fertilize it and make o2 and o3 1575 00:52:43,010 --> 00:52:41,460 without life and so but you can only do 1576 00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:43,020 it if there's a ton of co2 so if you've 1577 00:52:46,099 --> 00:52:44,310 got like three percent of your 1578 00:52:49,220 --> 00:52:46,109 atmosphere co2 which is way more than we 1579 00:52:50,960 --> 00:52:49,230 have then you'd be able to see co2 in 1580 00:52:53,089 --> 00:52:50,970 the infrared but only at a special 1581 00:52:53,730 --> 00:52:53,099 resolution of 200 and that's we've got 1582 00:52:55,920 --> 00:52:53,740 in the infrared 1583 00:52:57,510 --> 00:52:55,930 one mode that's it that high that is 1584 00:52:59,339 --> 00:52:57,520 your question and we've got like three 1585 00:53:00,990 --> 00:52:59,349 or four others spectra spectrographs on 1586 00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:01,000 board like the high-definition 1587 00:53:04,140 --> 00:53:02,710 high-definition imagers got like a wide 1588 00:53:06,540 --> 00:53:04,150 field camera with a spectrograph I 1589 00:53:07,920 --> 00:53:06,550 honestly don't remember what the 1590 00:53:09,530 --> 00:53:07,930 spectral resolution is but if anyone 1591 00:53:14,730 --> 00:53:09,540 wants to know I can show details on 1592 00:53:15,180 --> 00:53:14,740 those concepts later that was a hard 1593 00:53:27,690 --> 00:53:15,190 question 1594 00:53:33,450 --> 00:53:27,700 you ready I've been having bad luck with 1595 00:53:36,599 --> 00:53:33,460 this I had a question about well you 1596 00:53:38,849 --> 00:53:36,609 mentioned four concepts but you chose to 1597 00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:38,859 speak to us about luke war and i was 1598 00:53:47,030 --> 00:53:40,810 just wondering why that was like what 1599 00:54:02,700 --> 00:53:59,280 okay so I'm on two of the 14 so I'm on 1600 00:54:04,530 --> 00:54:02,710 the leVoir team I'm on the hex team it's 1601 00:54:06,780 --> 00:54:04,540 hard to explain this right and not and 1602 00:54:08,670 --> 00:54:06,790 not like shorts I'll have X right so how 1603 00:54:11,070 --> 00:54:08,680 Beck's is literally the mission it's 1604 00:54:12,089 --> 00:54:11,080 like a different brand and an update to 1605 00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:12,099 a mission that when I was a graduate 1606 00:54:16,320 --> 00:54:14,050 student it was like my life's ambition 1607 00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:16,330 to be a part of like that mission and 1608 00:54:20,490 --> 00:54:18,510 that point is called T PFC the 1609 00:54:23,460 --> 00:54:20,500 terrestrial planet finder coronagraph 1610 00:54:25,530 --> 00:54:23,470 mission how X is basically that right so 1611 00:54:27,510 --> 00:54:25,540 had X happen like and I was part of that 1612 00:54:29,910 --> 00:54:27,520 I would be fulfilling my like grad 1613 00:54:33,060 --> 00:54:29,920 student dream at that point 1614 00:54:34,589 --> 00:54:33,070 levar is like that but like x 10 1615 00:54:36,870 --> 00:54:34,599 literally like we'd get like 10 times 1616 00:54:39,140 --> 00:54:36,880 more planets ten times more spectra and 1617 00:54:41,010 --> 00:54:39,150 an important part to this is the 1618 00:54:42,780 --> 00:54:41,020 astronomer community like the general 1619 00:54:44,760 --> 00:54:42,790 astrophysics community they really want 1620 00:54:47,220 --> 00:54:44,770 the big telescope so as an exoplanet 1621 00:54:48,540 --> 00:54:47,230 person we haven't had like Hubble class 1622 00:54:50,550 --> 00:54:48,550 science like a mission that could 1623 00:54:52,470 --> 00:54:50,560 directly imaged exoplanets from space we 1624 00:54:53,700 --> 00:54:52,480 we haven't had that yet the astronomers 1625 00:54:56,490 --> 00:54:53,710 have had Hubble which does a lot of 1626 00:54:58,470 --> 00:54:56,500 great space astronomy already so for 1627 00:55:00,480 --> 00:54:58,480 them going a little bit beyond Hubble 1628 00:55:02,940 --> 00:55:00,490 isn't as worth it as it would be for me 1629 00:55:04,380 --> 00:55:02,950 like in terms of telescope size so the 1630 00:55:05,730 --> 00:55:04,390 the general astrophysics community the 1631 00:55:07,260 --> 00:55:05,740 first third of that talk 1632 00:55:08,910 --> 00:55:07,270 really want to get to a telescope that's 1633 00:55:12,359 --> 00:55:08,920 like eight meters or bigger that's kind 1634 00:55:13,680 --> 00:55:12,369 of their their benchmark and the other 1635 00:55:14,520 --> 00:55:13,690 two missions they would do some 1636 00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:14,530 exoplanet stuff 1637 00:55:17,880 --> 00:55:16,210 OST would do some bio signature stuff 1638 00:55:20,070 --> 00:55:17,890 Lynx would look at like atmospheric 1639 00:55:21,660 --> 00:55:20,080 escape but near the one would do the bio 1640 00:55:29,520 --> 00:55:21,670 signature job that Lubar or Havoc's 1641 00:55:31,980 --> 00:55:29,530 would you questions good and I'll be Oh 1642 00:55:40,470 --> 00:55:31,990 in the back I need a short stop I need a 1643 00:55:42,420 --> 00:55:40,480 relay person all right what's the idea 1644 00:55:44,010 --> 00:55:42,430 behind the choice obviously gasses at 1645 00:55:45,420 --> 00:55:44,020 the monitor for example you exclude 1646 00:55:47,070 --> 00:55:45,430 sulfur compounds which will be 1647 00:55:55,859 --> 00:55:47,080 transitory but they give you a lot of 1648 00:55:57,240 --> 00:55:55,869 information about you know it's hard is 1649 00:55:58,410 --> 00:55:57,250 like I'm literate like I was talking 1650 00:56:00,150 --> 00:55:58,420 about like getting blinded by the Sun 1651 00:56:01,859 --> 00:56:00,160 it's like hard catching this because 1652 00:56:05,190 --> 00:56:01,869 like the floodlights are like right in 1653 00:56:06,420 --> 00:56:05,200 our eyes so the question was about like 1654 00:56:11,930 --> 00:56:06,430 what about sulfur gases 1655 00:56:14,790 --> 00:56:11,940 I love sulfur gases well I'm a modeler I 1656 00:56:16,440 --> 00:56:14,800 don't when I was a grad student the lab 1657 00:56:18,180 --> 00:56:16,450 next to me like was growing microbes 1658 00:56:20,730 --> 00:56:18,190 that make sulfur gases and I didn't love 1659 00:56:21,960 --> 00:56:20,740 sulfur gases though I would just like 1660 00:56:23,250 --> 00:56:21,970 take off for the afternoon when they 1661 00:56:25,170 --> 00:56:23,260 were like doing their experiments cuz 1662 00:56:26,220 --> 00:56:25,180 they for those that like are on the 1663 00:56:28,170 --> 00:56:26,230 internet and aren't scientists like they 1664 00:56:31,380 --> 00:56:28,180 smell horrible most horrible smells are 1665 00:56:33,270 --> 00:56:31,390 like the sulfur gases but they're made 1666 00:56:34,650 --> 00:56:33,280 my life right so why should we look at 1667 00:56:36,450 --> 00:56:34,660 the sulfur gases as well we actually 1668 00:56:37,620 --> 00:56:36,460 looked at this it was back for a 1669 00:56:39,560 --> 00:56:37,630 different telescope called 1670 00:56:42,630 --> 00:56:39,570 TP fi the terrestrial planet finder 1671 00:56:44,520 --> 00:56:42,640 interferometer we ran our model where we 1672 00:56:47,490 --> 00:56:44,530 basically took the modern-day production 1673 00:56:49,230 --> 00:56:47,500 rates of organic sulfur gases like metal 1674 00:56:52,230 --> 00:56:49,240 sulphide and dimethyl sulfide and 1675 00:56:53,790 --> 00:56:52,240 dimethyl disulfide and carbonyl sulfide 1676 00:56:56,030 --> 00:56:53,800 I think I can remember the full list of 1677 00:56:59,040 --> 00:56:56,040 that but we had like five or six 1678 00:57:00,630 --> 00:56:59,050 biologically produced sulfur gases most 1679 00:57:04,050 --> 00:57:00,640 of them had a methyl group and a sulfur 1680 00:57:05,310 --> 00:57:04,060 in some combination and we try to see if 1681 00:57:06,599 --> 00:57:05,320 we could at what rates we'd have to 1682 00:57:08,640 --> 00:57:06,609 produce them in order for them to be 1683 00:57:10,830 --> 00:57:08,650 detectable it turns out that you have to 1684 00:57:12,840 --> 00:57:10,840 get like orders of more orders more 1685 00:57:15,030 --> 00:57:12,850 production out of the biosphere than we 1686 00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:15,040 have a modern-day earth before they grow 1687 00:57:19,490 --> 00:57:17,710 up to detectable levels themselves now 1688 00:57:21,320 --> 00:57:19,500 that could have 1689 00:57:23,300 --> 00:57:21,330 like you know like if you go on the lab 1690 00:57:24,770 --> 00:57:23,310 and you give some methanogens h2s from 1691 00:57:26,780 --> 00:57:24,780 the headspace instead of a ch2 they can 1692 00:57:30,020 --> 00:57:26,790 actually make ch3 SH instead of methane 1693 00:57:32,090 --> 00:57:30,030 so I could imagine as a model or an 1694 00:57:33,680 --> 00:57:32,100 atmosphere that might induce some 1695 00:57:36,530 --> 00:57:33,690 microbes to like make a lot of methyl 1696 00:57:38,060 --> 00:57:36,540 sulfide for example however if you don't 1697 00:57:40,850 --> 00:57:38,070 want to count on that kind of specific 1698 00:57:43,580 --> 00:57:40,860 like fine-tuned answer what you do get 1699 00:57:46,370 --> 00:57:43,590 is even in the cases where you are not 1700 00:57:47,960 --> 00:57:46,380 seeing the ch3 SH or the other organic 1701 00:57:51,020 --> 00:57:47,970 sulfur gases the reason you're not 1702 00:57:53,810 --> 00:57:51,030 seeing them is the the methyl sulfonyl 1703 00:57:57,680 --> 00:57:53,820 for Bob is actually much easier to break 1704 00:58:00,590 --> 00:57:57,690 then the the methyl hydrogen bond and 1705 00:58:04,670 --> 00:58:00,600 methane and as a result if you put the 1706 00:58:08,210 --> 00:58:04,680 same amount of methyl of ch3 into the 1707 00:58:10,520 --> 00:58:08,220 atmosphere with a biosphere verses from 1708 00:58:12,110 --> 00:58:10,530 non-biological processes because the 1709 00:58:13,820 --> 00:58:12,120 organic sulfur gases which are easier to 1710 00:58:15,830 --> 00:58:13,830 break up and turn into ch3 radicals 1711 00:58:17,690 --> 00:58:15,840 because because they're easier to do 1712 00:58:19,490 --> 00:58:17,700 that with you end up making more ethane 1713 00:58:21,320 --> 00:58:19,500 in the atmosphere than you do for the 1714 00:58:22,880 --> 00:58:21,330 non-biological case and so what ended up 1715 00:58:24,770 --> 00:58:22,890 happening is if we put the same amount 1716 00:58:26,810 --> 00:58:24,780 of ch3 in but it was distributed between 1717 00:58:28,730 --> 00:58:26,820 methane and these organic sulfur gases 1718 00:58:30,950 --> 00:58:28,740 we got a much higher ethane and methane 1719 00:58:32,870 --> 00:58:30,960 ratio in the atmosphere and that work I 1720 00:58:34,130 --> 00:58:32,880 showed for the organic haze when we went 1721 00:58:35,720 --> 00:58:34,140 back and looked at the haze the haze 1722 00:58:37,160 --> 00:58:35,730 also got thicker because that's that's a 1723 00:58:39,770 --> 00:58:37,170 long-chain organic carbon and that was 1724 00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:39,780 easier to build up once you're you're 1725 00:58:45,440 --> 00:58:41,610 sort of liberating the ch3 from the 1726 00:58:47,090 --> 00:58:45,450 sulfur so we have looked at it it's 1727 00:58:48,770 --> 00:58:47,100 really hard for those to be directly 1728 00:58:50,690 --> 00:58:48,780 detectable but they may have sort of a 1729 00:58:55,240 --> 00:58:50,700 secondary influence on some of the other 1730 00:59:07,670 --> 00:59:06,410 okay question okay all right so if we do 1731 00:59:18,049 --> 00:59:07,680 find life in the suite of things we 1732 00:59:23,640 --> 00:59:21,569 so seriously I you know I think one of 1733 00:59:24,989 --> 00:59:23,650 the things that would happen is and I 1734 00:59:27,329 --> 00:59:24,999 think back like to the Allen Hills 1735 00:59:29,279 --> 00:59:27,339 meteorite or any-any detection of life 1736 00:59:31,170 --> 00:59:29,289 beyond Earth what's gonna happen is a 1737 00:59:32,969 --> 00:59:31,180 whole bunch of smart people are gonna 1738 00:59:35,219 --> 00:59:32,979 find a way to make the signal we find 1739 00:59:37,109 --> 00:59:35,229 without life like it's not that I don't 1740 00:59:38,759 --> 00:59:37,119 think that aren't like stories like 1741 00:59:40,679 --> 00:59:38,769 locks all like I really believe in our 1742 00:59:42,569 --> 00:59:40,689 story but some genius is gonna like 1743 00:59:44,309 --> 00:59:42,579 figure out some corner case pathological 1744 00:59:46,170 --> 00:59:44,319 way to like reproduce the data without 1745 00:59:48,569 --> 00:59:46,180 biology making it like it's just gonna 1746 00:59:50,009 --> 00:59:48,579 happen but we'll we have I mean but this 1747 00:59:51,269 --> 00:59:50,019 is what the scientific method is about 1748 00:59:53,459 --> 00:59:51,279 what we have to do is make sure that 1749 00:59:55,199 --> 00:59:53,469 that method that makes the signal 1750 00:59:57,329 --> 00:59:55,209 without life has a predictable 1751 00:59:59,400 --> 00:59:57,339 observable feature right and there's 1752 01:00:01,529 --> 00:59:59,410 follow-up missions we could do one of 1753 01:00:02,759 --> 01:00:01,539 them is is to do an interferometer which 1754 01:00:03,269 --> 01:00:02,769 would also get the pictures of the 1755 01:00:04,589 --> 01:00:03,279 planet 1756 01:00:06,329 --> 01:00:04,599 he would get spectra in the infrared 1757 01:00:08,130 --> 01:00:06,339 which would get a complementary set of 1758 01:00:10,589 --> 01:00:08,140 gases including a lot of the sulfur 1759 01:00:12,029 --> 01:00:10,599 gases that all could just asked about it 1760 01:00:13,529 --> 01:00:12,039 would also get information on the 1761 01:00:14,789 --> 01:00:13,539 thermal properties of the planet and its 1762 01:00:17,390 --> 01:00:14,799 climate and stuff like that you get 1763 01:00:19,829 --> 01:00:17,400 complementary information another idea 1764 01:00:22,289 --> 01:00:19,839 as you keep build an interferometer of 1765 01:00:23,729 --> 01:00:22,299 visible of basically a fleet of lavars 1766 01:00:25,589 --> 01:00:23,739 acting as an interferometer would be 1767 01:00:28,019 --> 01:00:25,599 able to let you like map out the surface 1768 01:00:29,999 --> 01:00:28,029 and like maybe even see like when I say 1769 01:00:31,650 --> 01:00:30,009 map out like get pixels across the 1770 01:00:35,189 --> 01:00:31,660 surface and maybe like see a like a 1771 01:00:37,410 --> 01:00:35,199 rainforest or an algal bloom that would 1772 01:00:39,209 --> 01:00:37,420 be pretty hard to explain if you had 1773 01:00:45,089 --> 01:00:39,219 oxygen and methane and you saw like 1774 01:00:53,669 --> 01:00:45,099 seasonal blooms of like chlorophyll then 1775 01:00:55,049 --> 01:00:53,679 then my kid retires I mean for me what 1776 01:00:56,189 --> 01:00:55,059 makes it this actually goes back to the 1777 01:00:57,599 --> 01:00:56,199 first question what makes this so 1778 01:00:59,669 --> 01:00:57,609 exciting is there's two things that 1779 01:01:02,339 --> 01:00:59,679 Lavar in particular get me really like 1780 01:01:03,689 --> 01:01:02,349 jazzed up about well even with regards 1781 01:01:06,269 --> 01:01:03,699 to have X which I like love would be 1782 01:01:09,390 --> 01:01:06,279 like super stoked if it happened one is 1783 01:01:10,739 --> 01:01:09,400 I want to start ask it goes back to like 1784 01:01:13,140 --> 01:01:10,749 the exoplanet stuff I was talking about 1785 01:01:15,059 --> 01:01:13,150 like we've rewritten our models of how 1786 01:01:17,160 --> 01:01:15,069 planets evolve and interact rabbit 1787 01:01:18,959 --> 01:01:17,170 ational II and we know better how our 1788 01:01:21,089 --> 01:01:18,969 home system has evolved as a result I 1789 01:01:22,979 --> 01:01:21,099 want to do the same kind of science for 1790 01:01:24,989 --> 01:01:22,989 how a biosphere interacts with its host 1791 01:01:26,519 --> 01:01:24,999 planet on a number of targets beyond the 1792 01:01:28,349 --> 01:01:26,529 solar system right whether there's life 1793 01:01:30,230 --> 01:01:28,359 there or not even if we find no bio 1794 01:01:32,630 --> 01:01:30,240 signatures or even if we find a 1795 01:01:34,040 --> 01:01:32,640 you biosignatures understanding the 1796 01:01:36,140 --> 01:01:34,050 planetary environments in which we do 1797 01:01:37,460 --> 01:01:36,150 and do not find them in cases where we 1798 01:01:40,070 --> 01:01:37,470 otherwise would expect them to be and 1799 01:01:41,630 --> 01:01:40,080 probing that to greater detail is going 1800 01:01:43,520 --> 01:01:41,640 to teach us a tremendous amount of 1801 01:01:45,140 --> 01:01:43,530 planetary science and earth system 1802 01:01:47,120 --> 01:01:45,150 science and I'm looking forward to that 1803 01:01:50,720 --> 01:01:47,130 like that's that's what I want to see 1804 01:01:52,100 --> 01:01:50,730 right and then the other aspect to it is 1805 01:01:54,770 --> 01:01:52,110 and this is like where the retirement 1806 01:01:55,790 --> 01:01:54,780 joke comes in like my gender I don't 1807 01:01:58,160 --> 01:01:55,800 know how many people in the room like 1808 01:02:00,620 --> 01:01:58,170 remember Apollo like like like like I 1809 01:02:03,260 --> 01:02:00,630 saw it on TV like I did right like my 1810 01:02:05,240 --> 01:02:03,270 generation we don't have an Apollo like 1811 01:02:07,220 --> 01:02:05,250 landing moment right and and the reason 1812 01:02:09,020 --> 01:02:07,230 Apollo is it like so amazing is like 1813 01:02:11,180 --> 01:02:09,030 it's the first time that ever happened 1814 01:02:13,010 --> 01:02:11,190 right and whether it's exoplanets or 1815 01:02:14,870 --> 01:02:13,020 whether it's Europa or Mars or Enceladus 1816 01:02:16,910 --> 01:02:14,880 or Titan or some other target or you 1817 01:02:19,910 --> 01:02:16,920 know some say Venus although I'm not too 1818 01:02:21,320 --> 01:02:19,920 optimistic they're the first time we 1819 01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:21,330 fight like there's only one time in 1820 01:02:25,280 --> 01:02:23,610 human history that we find life beyond 1821 01:02:26,870 --> 01:02:25,290 Earth for the first time right like that 1822 01:02:28,340 --> 01:02:26,880 that's gonna happen once and that's 1823 01:02:30,500 --> 01:02:28,350 gonna be it and we'll all remember it 1824 01:02:31,940 --> 01:02:30,510 right so in some sense like after like 1825 01:02:33,260 --> 01:02:31,950 that's where the retirement joke comes 1826 01:02:35,090 --> 01:02:33,270 in right because then I'm good like 1827 01:02:41,660 --> 01:02:35,100 we've made history I'm good like 1828 01:02:42,560 --> 01:02:41,670 chilling out after that that it all 1829 01:02:43,940 --> 01:02:42,570 right I'm gonna hang out so other 1830 01:02:51,160 --> 01:02:43,950 questions come up to me with the beer or 1831 01:02:57,430 --> 01:02:55,700 [Music]